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146 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The _____ produces and delivers gametes
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The female reproductive system produces and delivers gametes
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The ______ provides nutrition and space for fetal development
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The female reproductive system provides nutrition and space for fetal development
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The _____ is to give birth
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The female reproductive system is to give birth
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The _____ is to nourish infant
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The female reproductive system is to nourish infant
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____ is the primary sex organ
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Ovary is the primary sex organ
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The _____ produce eggs
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The ovaries produce eggs
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Egg
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Ova
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How many eggs do females produce?
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2 million
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The ____ produce female hormones
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The ovaries produce female hormones
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The _____ is an almond shaped organ
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The ovary is an almond shaped organ
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Each egg develops in its own fluid-filled _____ that changes as they egg matures
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Each egg develops in its own fluid filled follicle that changes as the egg matures
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Ovum is released by ______
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Ovum is released by ovulation
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______ is the bursting of the follicle
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Ovulation is the bursting of the follicle
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The uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina (duct systems) make up internal _____ sex organs
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The uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina (duct systems) make up internal secondary sex organs
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Perineum
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External genitalia
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The clitoris, labia minora, and labia majora make up the external _____ sex organs
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The clitoris, labia minora, and labia majora make up the external secondary sex organs
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The clitoris, labia minora, and labia majora occupy the _____
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The clitoris, labia minora, and labia major occupy the perineum
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_____ glands beneath the skin provide lubrication
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Accessory glands beneath the skin provide lubrication
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The ovary is attached to the uterus by the ______ ligament
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The ovary is attached to the uterus by the ovarian ligament
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The ovary is attached to the pelvic wall by the ______ ligament
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The ovary is attached to the pelvic wall by the suspensory ligament
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The ______ ligament contains ovarian artery, vein, and nerves
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The suspensory organ contains ovarian artery, vein and nerves
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The ovary is anchored to the _____ ligament by mesovarium
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THe ovary is anchored to the broad ligament by mesovarium
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The _____ tube is a 10 cm long, muscular tube from ovary to uterus
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The uterine tube is a 10cm long, muscular tube from ovary to uterus
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Near the uterus, the uterine tube forms a narrow _____
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Near the uterus, the uterine tube forms a narrow isthmus
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The middle portion of the uterine tube is called the ______ (body)
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The middle portion of the uterine tube is called the ampulla (body)
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The uterine tube is flared distally into ______ with fimbriea (feathery end)
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The uterine tube is flared distally into infundibulum with fimbriea (feathery end)
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_____ beat toward the uterus from the uterine tubes
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cilia beat towards the uterus from the uterine tubes
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_____ muscle contractions in the uterine tube toward the uterus
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Smooth muscle contractions in the uterine toward the uterus
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The _____ is a thick-walled, pear-shaped muscular chamber
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The uterus is a thick-walled, pear-shaped muscular chamber
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The _____ contains a fundus, body and cervix
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The uterus contains a fundus, body and cervix
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The _____ of the uterine wall is the external serosa layer
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The perimetrium of the uterine wall is the external serosa layer
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The ____ of the uterine wall is the middle muscular wall
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The myometrium of the uterine wall is the middle muscular wall
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In the myometrium of the uterine wall, _____ muscle runs in all directions
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In the myometrium of the uterine wall, smooth muscle runs in all directions
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Smooth muscle in the _____ layer of the uterine wall produces labor contractions to expel fetus during delivery
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Smooth muscle in the myometrium layer of the uterine wall produces labor contractions to expel fetus during delivery
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______ of the uterine wall is simple columnar epithelium with thick layer compound tubular glands
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Endometrium of the uterine wall is simple columnar epithelium with thick layer compound tubular glands
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The _____ is the superficial 1/2 of the endometrium that is shed with each period
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The stratum functionalis is the superficial 1/2 of the endometrium that is shed with each period
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The ______ is the deeper layer of the endometrium that regenerates a new stratum functionalis with each menstrual period
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The stratum basalis is deeper layer of the endometrium that regenerates a new stratum functionalis with each menstrual period
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The embryo is attached to the ____ layer of the uterine wall
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The embryo is attached to the endometrium layer of the uterine wall
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The _____ layer of the uterine wall is rich in white blood cells
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The endometrium layer of the uterine wall is rich in white blood cells
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To scrape the cervix and look at cells under a microscope is called a _____
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To scrape the cervix and look at cells under a microscope is called a pap smear
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a Pap Smear that returns no abnormalities is a class ____
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A pap smear that returns no abnormalities is a class I
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A pap smear that returns inflammation, infection, and irritability is a class ____
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a pap smear the returns inflammation, infection, and irritability is a class II
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A pap smear that returns dysplasia is a class _____
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A pap smear that returns dysplasia is a class III
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Dysplasia
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Abnormal cell growth
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A pap smear that returns a localized malignancy is a class _____
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A pap smear that returns a localized malignancy is a class IV
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A pap smear that returns an invasive malignancy is a class _____
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A pap smear that returns an invasive malignancy is a class V
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An 8-10 cm long, distensible muscular tube is the ______
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An 8-10 cm long, distensible muscular tube is the Vagina
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The birth canal
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Vagina
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The ______ allows for discharge of menstrual fluid, receipt of semen and birth of baby
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The vagina allows for discharge of menstrual fluid, receipt of semen and birth of baby
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The _____ is a mucosal membrane that is broken at first intercourse or before
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The hymen is a mucosal membrane that is broken at first intercourse or before
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Vaginal ____ are wrinkles in the muscular wall of the vagina
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Vaginal rugae are wrinkles in the muscular wall of the vagina
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______ in the vagina causes bacteria to ferment glycogen to lactic acid which prevents the growth of pathogenic organisms
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Acidic pH in the vagina causes bacteria to ferment glycogen to lactic acid which prevents the growth of pathogenic organisms
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Acidic pH of the vagina is neutralized by alkaline pH of _____ so that sperm are not killed
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Acidic pH of the vagina is neutralized by alkaline pH of semen so that sperm are not killed
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Balance between bacteria and _____ residing in vagina
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Balance between bacteria and yeast residing in vagina
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When bacteria in the vagina are killed a _____ infection can develop
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When bacteria in the vagina are killed a yeast infection can develop
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The _____ is tilted posteriorly between the rectum & urethra
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The vagina is tilted posteriorly between the rectum & urethra
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The _____ is adipose tissue over pubic symphysis
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The mons pubis is adipose over the pubic symphysis
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The _____ are thick folds of skin with pubic hair
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The labia majora are thick folds of skin with pubic hair
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The _____ are inner, thin, hairless folds of the vulva
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The labia minora are inner, thin, hairless folds of the vulva
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The _____ form vestibule containing urethral & vaginal openings
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The labia minora form vestibule containing urethral & vaginal openings
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The _____ form hoodlike prepuce over clitoris
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The labia minora form hoodlike prepuce over clitoris
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The _____ is the erotic, sensory organ of the vulva
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The clitoris is the erotic, sensory organ of the vulva
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The ____ is homologous to the male penis
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The clitoris is homologous to the male penis
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The vestibular bulbs, the paraurethral and greater vestibular glands make up the ________
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Thevestibular bulbs, the paraurethral and greater vestibular glands make up the subcutaneous structures
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The ______ bulbs are erectile tissue that fills with blood during arousal
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The vestibular bulbs are erectile tissue that fills with blood during arousal
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The _____ bulbs tighten around the penis
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The vestibular bulbs tighten around the penis
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The _____ and greater _____ glands open into vestibule for lubrication
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The paraurethral and greater vestibular glands open into vestibule for lubrication
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Breats, distribution of body fat, flair of pelvis, fine body hair, and higher voice are ______ sex characteristics
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Breasts, distribution of body fat, flair of pelvis, fine body hair, and higher voice are secondary sex characteristics
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The _____ are the mound of tissue overlying the pectoralis major
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The breasts are the mound of tissue overlying the pectoralis major
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Conical body of breast has _____ at its apex
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Conical body of breast has nipple at its apex
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_____ of the breasts extends into the armpit and contains many lymphatic vessels
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Axillary tail of the breasts extends into the armpit and contains many lymphatic vessels
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Nipple is surrounded by ______ (colored zone)
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Nipple is surrounded by areola (colored zone)
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In the nipple the _____ blood vessels are closer to the surface
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In the nipple the dermal blood vessels are closer to the surface
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In the nipple _____ darken during pregnancy for infant recognition
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In the nipple, melanocytes darken during pregnancy for infant recognition
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The nipple is rich in _____
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The nipple is rich in nerves
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_____ muscle contracts wrinkling the skin & erecting the nipple in response to cold, touch & arousal
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Smooth muscle contracts wrinkling the skin & erecting the nipple in response to cold, touch & arousal
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The nipple has ____ hairs
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The nipple has sparse hairs
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_____ glands are glands on the nipple that secrete an oily substance
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Areolar glands are glands on the nipple that secrete an oily substance
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The _____ glands on the nipple protect against chapping during nursing
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The areolar glands on the nipple protect against chapping during nursing
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If nonlactating, the breasts contains little _____ tissue, just a system of branching ducts and fat tissue
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If nonlactating, the breast contains little glandular tissue, just a system of branching ducts and fat tissue
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1 out of 8 American women get _____ cancer
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1 out of 8 American women get breast cancer
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In breast cancer, tumors begin with cells from _____ ducts
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In breast cancer, tumors begin with cells from mammary ducts
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Cancerous cells in breast may metastitize by way of _____
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Cancerous cells in breast may metastitize by way of lymphocytes
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Palpable lump, skin puckering, changes in skin texture, drainage from nipple are all symptoms of ______
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Palpable lump, skin puckering, changes in skin texture, and drainage from nipple are all symptoms of breast cancer
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Most breast cancer is ______
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Most breast cancer is nonhereditary
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Some breast cancer is stimulated by _____
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Some breast cancer is stimulated by estrogen
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Aging, ionizing radiation, carcinogenic chemicals, alcohol, smoking and fat intake are all risk factors for _____
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Aging, ionizing radiation, carcinogenic chemicals, alcohol, smoking & fat intake are all risk factors for breast cancer
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Puberty begins at age ____ or ____ for most girls in the US
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Puberty begins at age 9 or 10 for most girls in the US
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Puberty is triggered by rising levels of _____ which stimulate anterior pituitary to produce FSH and LH
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Puberty is triggered by rising levels of GnRH which stimulate anterior pituitary to produce FSH and LH
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_____ stimulates follicles to secrete estrogen and progesterone
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FSH stimulates follicles to secrete estrogen and progesterone
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_____ & _____ cause secondary sex characteristics to mature, including an increase in height and width of pelvis
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Estrogen & progesterone cause secondary sex characteristics to mature, including an increase in height and width of pelvis
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_____ &_____ prepare uterus for pregnancy
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Estrogen & progesterone prepare uterus for pregnancy
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_____ is the development of breasts
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Thelarche is the development of breasts
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_____ is the development of pubic and axillary hair
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Pubarche is the development of pubic and axillary hair
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During _____, apocrine and sebaceous glands secrete chemicals
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During pubarche, aprocrine and sebaceous glands secrete chemicals
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_____ is the first menstrual period
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Menarche is the first menstrual period
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____ requires at least 17% body fat in teenagers, 22% in adults, in order to sustain pregnancy and lactation
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Menarche requires at least 17% body fat in teenagers, 22% in adults, in order to sustain pregnancy and lactation
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In 1860 the average age of _____ was 16.5 due to nutrition
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In 1860 the average age of menarche was 16.5 due to nutrition
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The midlife change in hormone secretion accompanied by menopause is called ______
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The midlife change in hormone secretion accompanied by menopause is called climacteric
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Age related depletion of ______ (>1000) means less ovarian secretion of estrogen and progesterone
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Age related depletion of follicles (>1000) means less ovarian secretions of estrogen and progesterone
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Atrophy of the uterus, vagina, and breasts are symptoms of _____
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Atrophy of the uterus, vagina, and breasts are symptoms of menopause
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In _____ the skin becomes thinner, bone mass declines, cholesterol levels rise and risks of cardiovascular disease increase
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In menopause, the skin becomes thinner, bone mass declines, cholesterol levels rise and risks of cardiovascular disease increase
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_____ are due to sudden dilation of cutaneous arteries
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hot flashes are due to sudden dilation of cutaneous arteries
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Sudden dilation of cutaneous arteries is due to _____ fluctuations
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Sudden dilation of cutaneous arteries is due to hormone fluctuations
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____ occur several times a day during menopause
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Hot flashes occur several times a day during menopause
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_____ therapy is used during menopause and consists of a low dose of estrogen & progesterone
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Hormone replacement therapy is used during menopause and consists of a low dose of estrogen & progesterone
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The ____ cycle averages 28 days but ranges from 20 to 45
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The sexual cycle averages 28 days but ranges from 20-45
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Hormone cycle produces hierarchy of control: Hypothalamus->______->ovaries->_______
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Hormone cycle produces hierarchy of control: Hypothalamus->pituitary->ovaries->uterus
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During the _____ phase, menstruation occurs during first 3-5 days
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During the follicular phase, menstruation occurs during first 3-5 days
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During the ____ phase, the uterus replaces lost endometrium & follicles grow
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During the follicular phase, the uterus replaces lost endometrium & follicles grow
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How long is the follicular phase?
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2 weeks
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During the _____phase, the corpus luteum stimulates endometrial thickening
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During the postovulatory phase, the corpus luteum stimulates endometrial thickening
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During the _____ phase, the endometrium is lost again if pregnancy does not occur
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During the postovulatory phase, the endometrium is lost again if pregnancy does not occur
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How long is the postovulatory phase?
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2 weeks
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What is the most variable part of the ovarian cycle?
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The follicular phase
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The _____ phase of the ovarian cycle, contains menstrual and preovulatory phases
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The follicular phase of the ovarian cycle, contains menstrual and pre-ovulatory phases
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____ causes ovulation
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LH causes ovulation
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During the ______ phase of the ovarian cycle, menstrual fluid is discharged
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During the menstrual phase of the ovarian cycle, menstrual fluid is discharged
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The follicular phase is days ____
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The Follicular phase is days 1-14
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The Mestrual phase and the preovulatory phase of the ovarian cycle are within what phase of the sexual cycle?
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The Follicular Phase
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During the ____ phase, the primary oocytes that began developing on day 25 of previous cycle have been transformed into secondary follicles by day 5
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During the Menstrual phase, the primary oocyte that began developing on day 25 of previous cycle have been transformed into secondary follicles by day 5
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During the _____ phase, one follicle has advanced to the graafian stage & protrudes from surface of ovary
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During the preovulatory phase, one follicle has advanced to the graafian stage & protrudes from surface of ovary
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During the _____ phase, the egg stops at meiosis II metaphase II stage
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During the preovulatory phase, the egg stops at meiosis II metaphase II stage
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During _____ high estrogen levels cause anterior pituitary to secrete LH
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During ovulation high estrogen levels cause anterior pituitary to secrete LH
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During ______ increased blood flow causes follicle to swell rapidly
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During ovulation increased blood flow causes follicle to swell rapidly
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During _____ callagenase weakens ovarian wall
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During ovulation callagenase weakens ovarian wall
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During ____ fluid oozes out with oocyte
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During ovulation fluid oozes out with oocyte
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During _____ oocyte is swept up into the uterine tube by fimbriae
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During ovulation oocyte is swept up into the uterine tube by fimbriae
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During the _____ phase, LH directs empty follicle in ovary to form corpus luteum
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During the postovulatory phase, LH directs empty follicle in ovary to form corpus luteum
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During the postovulatory phase, the _____ secretes androgens that are converted to progesterone
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During the postovulatory phase, the corpus luteum secretes androgens that are converted to progesterone
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During the _____ phase, progesterone stimulates changes in the uterine lining
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During the postovulatory phase, progesterone stimulates changes in the uterine lining
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During the _____phase, if pregnancy occurs, corpus luteum acts on uterus for 3 months
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During the postovulatory phase, if pregnancy occurs, corpus luteum acts on uterus for 3 months
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During the ______ phase, if no pregnancy occurs, the corpus luteum atrophies & loss of progesterone brings on menstruation
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During the postovulatory phase, if no pregnancy occurs, the corpus luteum atrophies & loss of progesterone brings on menstruation
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During the ____ phase of the menstrual cycle, the endometrial tissue that was lost at last menstruation is rebuilt
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During the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle, the endometrial tissue that was lost at last menstruation is rebuilt
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During the ____ phase of the menstrual cycle, mitosis begins in the stratum basalis
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During the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle, mitosis begins in the stratum basalis
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During the _____ phase of the menstrual cycle, estrogen results from developing follicles
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During the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle, estrogen results from developing follicles
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During the _____ phase of the menstrual cycle, follicles reach 2-3 mm in thickness
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During the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle, follicles reach 2-3 mm in thickness
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During the _____ phase of the menstrual cycle, the endometrium thickens due to secretion & fluid accumulation, but not mitosis
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During the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle, the endometrium thickens due to secretion & fluid accumulation, not mitosis
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During the _____ phase of the menstrual cycle, thickening of the endometrium is due to the progesterone stimulation of glands
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During the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle, thickening of the endometrium is due to the progesterone stimulation of the glands
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During the _____ phase of the menstrual cycle, the follicles reach 5-6 mm in thickness
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During the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle, the follicles reach 5-6 mm in thickness
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The _____ phase of the menstrual cycle lasts from days 5-13
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The proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle lasts from days 5-13
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The ____ phase of the menstrual cycle lasts from days 15-26
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The secretory phase of the menstrual cycle lasts from days 15-26
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During the _____ phase of the menstrual cycle, progesterone level falls due to atrophy of corpus luteum
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During the premenstrual phase of the menstrual cycle, progesterone level falls due to atrophy of the corpus luteum
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The _____ phase of the menstrual cycle lasts from days 27-28
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The premenstrual phase of the menstrual cycle lasts from days 27-28
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During the _____ phase of the menstrual cycle, spiral arteries constrict causing endometrial layer
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During the premenstrual phase of the menstrual cycle, spiral arteries constrict causing endometrial layer
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During the _____ phase of the menstrual cycle, pools of blood accumulate in stratus functionalis
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During the premenstrual phase of the menstrual cycle, pools of blood accumulate in stratus functionalis
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