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13 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What's a neurocrine? What are neurocrine subtypes?
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A neurocrine is a chemical signal secreted by a neuron. Subtypes are neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, and neurohormones.
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What activities do cytokines control?
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Cell development, cell differentiation, and the immune response.
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How do cytokines differ from hormones?
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1. Act on broader spectrum of target cells.
2. Not produced by specialized cells or glands. 3. Made on demand. |
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What is signal amplification?
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Signal amplification is the process of turning one signal molecule into multiple second messenger molecules. Involves an amplifier enzyme.
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What do protein kinases do? What enzymes reverse this action?
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Protein kinases transfer a phosphate group from ATP to a protein. Protein phosphatases carry out dephosphorylation.
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What gases act as signal molecules?
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NO and CO
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What are the two major groups of arachidonic acid-derived paracrines?
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Leukotrienes and Prostanoids (include prostaglandins and thromboxanes)
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What molecules are produced by lipoxygenase?
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Leukotrienes
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What molecules are produced by cyclooxygenase (COX)?
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Prostaglandins and Thromboxanes
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How is down-regulation accomplished?
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Decreasing receptor numbers or binding affinity (ex: phosphorylation)
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What is a hormone?
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A hormone is a chemical secreted by a cell or group of cells into the blood for transport to a distant target, where ti exerts its effect at very low concentrations.
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Name the main locations of hormone secretion.
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1)Pineal Gland 2)Hypothalamus 3)Posterior Pituitary 4)Anterior Pituitary 5)Thyroid 6)Parathyroid 7)Thymus 8)Heart 9)Liver 10)Stomach and small intestine 11)Pancreas 12)Adrenal cortex 13)Adrenal medulla 14)Kidney 15)Skin 16)Testes 17)Ovaries 18)Adipose tissue 19)Placenta
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What are the five types of epithelial cells?
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1)protective 2)secretory 3)transport 4)exchange 5)cilliated
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