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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Mitosis |
Nuclear division that produces genetically identical daughter cells and identical to their parents. |
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Interphase |
Phase of cell cycle where the cell is not dividing but subdivided into the growth and synthesis phase. |
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G 0 phase |
•resting phase during early G1 at restrictionn point. •cells may under apoptosis is are not normal and have undergone a mutation |
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What is RNA |
Ribonucleic Acid |
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What happens at the G1 phase/ growth phase? |
•Cells grow •RNA is made •organelles duplicate ● ensures that the cell is ready to enter s-phase and begin DNA synthesis. |
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What happens in the S-phase? |
DNA replication occurs Chromosomes are unwound and duplicated each one consisting of a pair of sister chromatids |
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What happens at G2 phase |
•cell continues to grow •Ensure that the cell is ready for mitosis by stimulation of proteins that are involved. |
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M phase |
•Check point chemical triggers condesnation of chromatin •cell growth stops •Mitosis starts |
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What is the restriction point |
1st checkpoint between G1 and s phase and it ensures that: •the cell is ready to enter S-phase •if mutation is found. Cell may enter G0 |
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How is the cell cycle regulated? |
• 2 checkpoins which: •Prevent uncontrolled division that would lead to tumours/ cancers. •detect and repair damage to DNA |
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Why is cell cycle happens once in a specific sequence |
To replicate DNA once during cell cycle and prevent cancer cell growtg |
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What is a karyotype? |
A photomicrograph of chromosomes in a cell |
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What is a chromatid |
Repliate of chromosome |
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Stages of Mitosis |
Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Teleophase Cytokenesis |
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What happens at the G2/M checkpoint? |
•Chemicals make sure cell is ready for mitosis by forming proteins that make chromatins condence and in formation of the spindle. |
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What is a Haploid cell? |
A cell containing only one set of chromosomes, represented by the symbol. 'n'. |
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Example of a haploid cell? |
Gamete cells |
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What is a synapsis forming bivalent |
The pairing of two homologous chromosomes that occur during meiosis |
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How meiosis produces genetic variation? |
•Independent assprtment of chromosomes in Metaphase 1 •Independent assortment of chramitds in Metaphase 2 •Haploid gametes produced that can undergo random fusion with gametes derived from another organisms from the same species. •Crossing over during prophase 1 shuffels alleles |
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What happens during Metaphase 1 |
•Chromosomes lying on the equator of the cell •Independent assortment of chromosomes |
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What happens during metaphase 2 |
•chromosomes line on equator •Independent assortment of Chramatids |
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What is synapsis |
The fusion of chromosome pairs at the start of meiosis. The formation of bivalents |
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What is bivalent |
When homologous chromosomes are attatched in pairs |
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What is chiosmata |
A point where paired chromatids overlap at which fusion and exchange of genetic material take place during prophase of meiosis |
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Difference between synapsis and chiasmata formation |
Synapsis is the fusion of chromosome pairs during meiosis whereas chiasmatais the point of overlap of paired chromatids at which fusion and exchange of genetical material take place is prophase 1 |
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What is the significance of chiostmata |
Paired chromatids overlap and exchabge genetic material. This is significant as new combinations are made giving more variation. |
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What cell divisiondo bivalents form and what stage. |
Meiosis Early prophase |
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What is a stem cell |
Unspecalised cell that has the ability to express all of its genes and divide by mitosis. |
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Differentiation |
The process by which stem cells become specalised into different types of cells. |
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Blood pressure is vessels |
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What is oncotic pressure |
The pressure created by the osmotic pressure created by solutes (protein) |
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What is lymph |
The fluid held in the lymphatic system which is a system of tubes that returns excess tissue fluid back to the blood stream |
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Hydrostatic pressure |
Aterial end The pressure that fluid exerts when pushing against the sides of a vessel or container. |
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What is the plasma |
The fluid portion of the blood |
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Tissue fluid |
The fluid surround cells and tissues which comes from blood plasma leaking from the capillaries |
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What is in the blood plasma? |
Dissolved substances such as: oxygen Carbon dioxide Minerals Glucose Amino acids Hormones Plasma protein |
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What is blood |
Plasma Eurethrocytes Leucocytes Platelets |