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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
genetic differences between plants and animals
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plants live a lot longer, are normally much larger, and plants are capable of creating their own energy through photosynthesis
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two categories of plants
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monocots and eudicots
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coyledon
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structure within the seed of a plant which usually becomes the first embryonic leaf of a plant
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monocots
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plants with one cotyledon is formed
generally have parallel veins in the leaves vascular tissue is arranged in randomly scattered bundles flower parts typically occur in multiples of three generally have fibrous roots |
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dicots
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plant with two cotyledons that form
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eudicots
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LARGE subset of dicots... is a monophyletic group
embryos have two cotyledons generally have branching veins vascular tissue is arranged in an orderly ring flower parts typically occur in multiples of four or five generally have a taproot |
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dermal tissue
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covers and protects surface of the plant
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vascular tissue
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transports water and nutrients throughout th plant ( veins in the leaves )
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ground tissue
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makes up bulk of the plant and is where most of the plant's metabolic actives are carried out ( the veins that run throughout the plant )
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epidermis
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dermal tissue usually consists of a single layer of tightly packed, very thin cells
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cuticle
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waxy covering the epidermis creates, helps reduce water loss due to evaporation
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guard cells
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specialized cells that help regulate the gases coming into and out of the leaves on the epidermis
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cork cells
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replace epidermal cells, provide a thicker and more protective covering( on trees it forms on the outer layer of bark)
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Two types of vascular tissue
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Xylem and phloem
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xylem
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conducts water and dissolved minerals absorbed by the roots to tissues throughout the plant
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phloem
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conducts sugar produced by photosynthesis in the leads to tissues throughout the plant
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what are the xylem and phloem respectively made form
what are sieve tubes |
cells that are dead- cells that grow close together and form together an outer surface of a pipeline
phloem- cells that remain alive while functioning as another sort of pipe opening in side wall of phloem in side walls through which sugar can be delivered to cells outside the phloem |
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ground tissue
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everything that is neither outer covering nor inner vascular tissue
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parenchyma cells
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majority of plant tissue, workhorses of the plant body, carry out most of the plant's metabolic activities( apple core)
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collenchyma cells
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elongated, stringy cells with thickened walls
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sclerenchyma cells
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not living when they are mature, cell walls contain lignin a substance that is one of the chief chemical components of wood
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three primary functions of rots
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absorption: water nutrients minerals oxygen
anchorage: keep it rooted storage: store sugar, later converted into starch |
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Fibrous roots
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commonly associated with monocots, roots all look similar and branch out similarly
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taproots
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characterized by thicker primary roots and small ones branching from them ( eudicots)
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two portions of the shoot
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stem and leaves
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functions of the stem
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leaf positioning
structural support distribution of nutrients throughout |
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meristems
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region of growth implants made up of undifferentiated cells
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apical meristem
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tip of a root or stem, here is division of cells
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lateral meristems
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consist of a layer of cells , cambium, cause a stem or trot to become thicker as opposed to longer
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structure sthat help plants resist water loss
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cuticle- waxy covering the epidermis creates, helps reduce water loss due to evaporation
leaf hairs- some of surface cells on leaves become modified as hairs, hairs reflect sunlight and reduce speed at which breezes move over leaf's surface |
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guard cells
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serve as back up to cuticle,
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four factors necessary ofr growth
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sun, water, good soil, and air
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hydroponically grown plants
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grown without soil, grown in water thet has chemicals added
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composition of soil
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minerals- 50
water and air- 45-50 organic materials- 1-5%- carbon containing matter, formed from decomposition of dead plants and animals |
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nitrogen fixation
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nitrogen in the air gets into the ground( not suitable at this point for plant)
Nitrogen BONDS are broken up by bacteria as they penetrate the ground Nitrogen is converted into molecules with a single nitrogen atom, and is then usable by plants |
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how water is moved throughout a plant
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evaporation- low water concentration in the air relative to that in the leaf
tension- water molecules form hydro bonds, causing molecules to stick... as one molecule evaporates it creates a tension cohesion stickiness of the swatter molecules links them together... as one evaporates and pulls up the molecules next to it |
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cohesion tension mechanism
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is that the plant does not need to expend any energy to pump water and minerals up from the roots to all the cells
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sugar movement in the phloem
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at its source sugar is loaded into the phloem, (2) water moves from xylem into phloem by osmosis, b/c sugar concentration, (3) pressure inside phloem goes up as water moves, (4) higher pressure causes fluid in phloem to move throughout th plant, (5) sugar is moved out of the phloem at various locations where it is needed
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