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272 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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type of algae that is single celled and sores its food as starch
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green
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multicellular algae also known as seaweed
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brown
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red tide is usually associated with the algae known as
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dinoflagellates
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The first land plants to contain transport tissues were spore-producing
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ferns
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the structure in mosses that collects water for a single cell only is called
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rhizoid
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what is the literal meaning for the term "gymnosperm"?
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naked seed
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What is associated with gymnosperms?
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lack of flowers
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leaves with parallel veins are found in the anglosperems known as
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monocots
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grasses and palm trees are examples of
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monocots
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water and minerals from the soil are transported up the plant by what?
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xylem
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what plant part is an extension of a single cell?
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root hair
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water transport across a root, and food storage, are functions of what?
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the cortex
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the layer of cells just outside of the root's central cylinder is known as the endodermis
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endodermis
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the innermost cells of the root's central cylinder, forming an x-shape
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xylem
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what divides to form new root branches
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pericycle cells
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mitosis is most common in what root zone?
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meristematic
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which zone of a root would contain a variety of fully-functioning tissues?
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maturation
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Pith cells in monocot stems
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store food
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a thick layer of dead cells is found in the root's
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root cap
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the innermost heartwood region of a tree trunk is made of
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old xylem
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the vascular cambium of a tree trunk that grows outward, away from the center, develops into cells that are specialized to
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carry food
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cork cambium is a specialized tiddue that produces
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dead bark
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which layer of leaf cells is specialized to carry on photosynthesis?
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palisade layer
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the function of the spongy layer is to
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store carbon dioxide
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stomata are opened and closed by the
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guard cells
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what is true of the upper epidermis of a leaf a leaf?
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it is clear
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when a plant lacks water what happends?
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guard cells collapse, closing th e stomate
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the ability of water molecules to stick to other water molecules is known as
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cohesion
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capilliary action allows water to rise up a tree about
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2-3 inches
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Root pressure is caused by the process known as
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osmosis
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most of the force that pulls water up a try is provided by this process
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transpirtation
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auxins can cause plante stems to grow toward the light in the
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positive photropism
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the roots of plants tend to show
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positive gravitropism
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plant hormones that were first discovered in a fungus growing on rice plants
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gibberellin
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plant hormones that cause lateral stem growth
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cytokinins
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auxins cause apical dominance, which means that stems tend to
grow |
straight up
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the hormone that stimulates fruit growth
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gibberellin
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if the embryo inside of a seed is not growing at all, it is said to be
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dormant
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fruit ripens quickly when exposed to
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ethylene gas
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which wavelength of visible light is not absorbed well by chloropyll
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green
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which accessory plant pigment does not absorb yellow light
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xanthophyll
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which region of the chlorplast consists of membranes for the light reactions
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grana
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the first steps in photosynthesis are known as
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light reactions
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the element actually absorbed by light to release an electron is
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magnesium
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when magnesium loses an electron, it replaces it by taking an electron from what other element?
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water
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NADH is the high energy end product of what?
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light reactions
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In the dark reactions, RuBP plus carbon dioxide forms a molecue that splits into two
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PGA
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how many carbon atoms are found in a single molecule of PGAL
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three
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how many PGAL molecules are needed to replace the RuBP used in the dark reactions and to make a glucose molecule
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twelve
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what uses the cilia to move
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paramecium
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an eyespot is used to sense light,and flagellum is used for movement in the
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suglena
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what has a nerve net instead of a true brain?
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hydra
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the first true brain, although primitive, is found in what?
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planaria
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a single segement of an earthworm's body is controlled by the
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insect
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impulses are taken directly to the neuron's cell body by the
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dendrites
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the space outside the polarized (resting) axon contains mostly
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sodium ions
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in repolarization which iond first ge pushed out of the axon , then pushed back in?
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potassium ions
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the inside of an axon always contains
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large negative ions
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the space between neurons is known as
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synapse
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a chemical sent by one neuron to start an impulse in another neuron is
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neurotransmitter
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which substance within an axon acts in a way that is analogous to the way enzymes act between neurons
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potassium
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the protective membranes around the brain and spinal cord are the
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meninges
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the part of the brain that automaticallyregulates breathing is the
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medulla oblongata
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the pons act as a bridge getween many grain regions, byt it most directly connects the two hemispheres of the
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cerebellum
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the brain region that coordinates movement that had onec been learned by now have become automatic, such as walking
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cerebellum
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hunger, thirst, and pituitary secretions are controlled by the
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hypothalamus
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what structure connects the two hemispheres of the cerebrum?
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corpus callosum
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which cerebral lobe controls logic, long term memory, and personality
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frontal
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interpretation of vision is accomplished by the verebral lobe known as
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occipital
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which cerebreal lobe inteprets sounds, smell, and taste:
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temporal
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what neuron in a reflex is located within the spinal chord????
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association
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the sense of smell is also known as
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oflaction
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the clear covering over the frontal surface of the eye is known as
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cornea
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the clear fluid that brings nutrients to the front of the eye
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aqueous humor
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the colored ring of muscle that controls the amount of light entering the eye is called
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iris
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most focusing of light, which turns the image upside-down, is accomplished by the
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lens
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changing focus as we switch from looking at objects close up to looking at objects far away is accomplished by the what?
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ciliary muscle
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the thick, jelly-like fluid that maintains the shape of the eyeball
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vitreous humor
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the tought white covering that surrounds and protects the eyeball
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clera
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the eye can see different colors due to prescence of
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cones
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black and white vision in low light, and motion detection at the periphery of the eye, are the main functions of the
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rods
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the place where the optic nerve connects to the retina
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pinna
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in order to prevent infection in the ear, the auditory canal secretes
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wax
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which middle ear bone is closest to the eardrum
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hammer
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the main function of the middle ear bones is to
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amplify sounds
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the main functions fo the Eustachian tubes is to
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regulate air pressure in the middle ear
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what has the most similar function tothe rods and cones fo the eye?
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hair cells
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the semicircular canals are most closely associated with
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balance
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the gland that secretes many hormones to control other glands
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pituitary
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horomone that causes bones to release calcium inot the blood
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pth
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inflammation in the body is controlled by this hormone
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cortisone
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the islets of Langerhans are located in the
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pancreas
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hormone that causes glucose to move from the blood into the body
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insulin
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term for sense of touch
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tactile
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the opening of the iris is known as the
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pupil
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taste buds on the very front of tip of the tongue can detect
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sweetness
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the smallest bone of the human body is the
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stirrup
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the main purpose of the chemical digestion is to
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break apart large food molecules into small molecules that acan fit into our cells
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which category of nutrients does glucose and starch belong
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carbohydrates
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the basic building block of proteins
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amino acids
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substance that breaks apart food molecules in chemical reactions
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water
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parto fo an amboea that chemically digests food particles
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food vacuole
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earthworm's digestive tract
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mouth,pharnyx, esophagus, gizzard, crop, intestine, anus
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moust of an earthworm
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buccal cavity
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where earthworm stores food
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crop
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part of earthworm that grinds food
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gizzard
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this structure is not found in worms or insects
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salivary glands
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an external mouth part of an insect
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mandibles
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chemical digestion in insects occurs here
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stomach
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water reabsorption in insects occurs here
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rectum
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the first source of quick energy in our bodies
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glucose
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the most efficent way to store energy in our body
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fat
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what is not a function of lipid in the body
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dirgest proteins
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vitamin that keeps blood vessels healthy and prevents scurvy
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vitamin c
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vitamin that cannot be stored in the body very long
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vitamin B
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vitamin involved in blood clotting
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vitamin k
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night blindness can be caused by the lack of what vitamin
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vitamin A
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inability to absorb calcium causes rickets in young children caused by a lack of
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vitamin D
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the hard and soft palletes help separate the mouth cavity from the
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nasal cavity
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the structure in humans that prevents food from entering the nasal cavity durin swallowing
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the uvula
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the taste buds at the very front tip of the tongue sense
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sweetness
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top of a tooth is covered with the hardest substance
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enamel
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a toot is permanently attached to the jawbone by a substance known as
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cementum
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blood vessels and nerves are found within a tooth's
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neck
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saliva contains an enzyme that speeds up the chemical digestion of
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starch
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salivary glands that are above the jaw, in front of the ears
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parotid
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salvary glands directly under the jaw
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submandibles
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during swallowing, the epiglottis prevents the passage of food into the
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trachea
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the muscle contractions that push food into the stomach
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peristalis
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the muscle that allows food to move from the esophogasus to the the stomach
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cardiac sphincter
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function of pepsin is to begin the digestion of
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protein
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pepsin only works
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when th pH of the stomach is low
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rennin
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curdles milk
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hormone that signals the release of all other stomach secretions
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gastrin
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enzyme secreted by the duodenum
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lactase
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pancreatic enzyme that causes the chemical digestion of fats
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lipase
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enzyme that is produced by both the salivary glands and the pancreas
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amylase
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an enzyme that is not involved in protein digestion
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lactase
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emulsification of large fat gobules into smaller fat gobules causes
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bile
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secretions of the liver and the pancreas are added to the intestine in the region known as the
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duodenum
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absorption of nutrients occurs more efficently due to the villi found
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jejunum
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a sphincter found between the ileum and ______
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ilecolic valve
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the main function of the large intestine
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to reabsorb water
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what is a natural product of the bacteria that live in the colon
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vitamins
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what component of feces is the most important reason to wash your hands after using the restroom?
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bacteria
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endoskeleton as a term
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is the most inclusive wise
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bone not a part of the axial skeleton
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clavicale
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ribs are held in place in the front of the chest by the
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sternum
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which vertebrae are found in the top region of the spinal column
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cervical
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bone holds the shoulder and arm directly on the axial
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calvicle
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uppermost arm bone
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humerus
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lower arm bone in direct line with the thumb
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radius
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long bones of the hands
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metacarpals
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the longest bone in the body
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femur
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bone fo the lower leg that forms the bottom of the knee joint
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tifi
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ankle bones
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tarsals
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medullary cavity contains
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yellow marrow
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the ends of long bones are made of
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spongy bone
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the thpe fo cell found within bone tissue
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osteovyte
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food and oxygen are transported to bone cells within compact bone by
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haversian canals
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tought outer covering that grows new compact bone
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periosteum
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marrow fo the spongy bone produces
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red blood cells
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chondrocytes produce a matrix that is missing calcium in tissue
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cartilage
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immovavle suture joints found between bones
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cranium
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gliding joints are found between the joints of
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wrists
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elbow, knee, fingers, and toes all have what kind of joints
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hinge
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one bone helps another by
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ligaments
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what contains many cells with many nuclei per cell?
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skeletal muscle
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a thin muscle protein that slides during the contraction
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actin
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a substance that is needed to make a muscle relax
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ATP
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smooth muscle is
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involuntary
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cardiac muscles have cells
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that contain striations
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th outermost surface fo the body is covered by layers of dead skin known as the
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epidermis
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funciton of adipose
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fat storage
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What is not living? Hair shaft of hair follicle?
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hair shaft
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sebaceous glands
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secrete oil
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blood cells are not usually found in
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sweat
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most poisonous nitrogen waste
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ammonia
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Since an amboea (99% water) lives in fresh water (100% water) it
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the movement of the urea into the amboea
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a contractile vacuole is found in
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amboea
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flame cells release ammonia through excretory pores in
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planaria
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nephridia are foundin each segement of the
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earthworm
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malpighian tubules are designed to excrete nitrogen waste known as
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uric acid
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in humans what is the sequence of organs in the urinary system
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kidney, uter, urinary bladder, urethra
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nephrons are found within the
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kidney
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the glomoerulus is a group fo capilliaries found in
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bowman's capsule
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sequence of regions of nephron
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bowman's capsule, proximal tubule, loop of henle, distal tubule
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the collecting duct is closest to
|
the distal tubule
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what cannot go through the bowman's capsule filtration
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blood cells
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what process mainly occurs in th proximal tubules
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reabsorption
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the loop of Henle is mostly responsible for what process?
|
osmosis
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secretion of excess urea and certain drugs occurs in the
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distal tubule
|
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the main effect of the hormone ADH is to
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cause the kidney to reabsorb water back into the vlood
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alchol and caffeine block ADH function so the body
|
dehydrates from the water loss
|
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what is a product of all combustion reactions
|
carbon dioxide
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typical combustion reactons cannot occur in the cells due to excessive release of
|
heat
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the overall main cause of cellular respiration is the transfer
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from glucose to ATP
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in the first step of glycolysis glucose combines with
|
ATP
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When glucose splits it most directly forms 2 molecules with
|
PGAL
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the energy released from the splitting of glucose produces a net gain of
|
2 ATp
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after glycolysis the most potential energy is still found in the
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pyruvic acid
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most of the process of respiration requiring oxygen occurs in the
|
mitochondrian
|
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a waste product of the Krebs cycle
|
carbon dioxide
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the main purpose of the krebs cycle is to transfer potential energy
|
from pyruvic acid to NADH
|
|
|
how many ATP molecules are produced by one NADH in electron transport?
|
3
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each glucose produces about how many total ATP in the entire process of cell respiration?
|
36
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the sequence of events in cell respiration
|
glycolsyis, krebs cycle, electron transport
|
|
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the respiratory surface of an earthworm
|
skin
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what is not needed by insects for external respiration
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lungs
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air is filterd, warmed, and moistened by the
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nasal cavity
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where vocal cords are contained
|
larnyx
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the single long tube that take air from the voice box to the lungs
|
trachea
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contains cartilage to keep them open all the time
|
bronchi
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the actual repiratory surface in our body is found in the
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alveoli
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the large flat muscle that contracts to allow us to breathe
|
diaphragm
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when volume of hte chest cavity increases,
|
pressure decreases
|
|
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provides the force that pushes air out of our systems
|
air pressure
|
|
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lowers pH of the blood to control our heart rate
|
carbon dioxide
|
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part of brain that sense lower blood pH and speeds up the breathing rate
|
medulla
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almost all oxygen is transported in our blood by the molecule known as
|
hemoglobin
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describe the structure of a hemoglobin molecule
|
iron atoms at the center of the molecuel attaract oxygen with no chemical reaction
|
|
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force needed to hold oxygen onto hemoglobin
|
pressure
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carbon dioxide chemically combines with water to form
|
carbonic acid
|
|
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ions absorged by red blood cells to help keep blood pH neutral
|
hydrogen
|
|
|
ions remain in the blood plasma to act as a buffer
|
biacarbonate
|
|
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what percent of carbon dioxide is carried as bicargonate ions in the plasma
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70%
|
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where does carbohemoglobin release the substance that is carrying?
|
in the lungs
|
|
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when carbohemoglobin is found in the blood, it is carrying
|
carbon dioxide
|
|
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what percent of carbon dioxide can dissolve directly in hte blood plasma?
|
10%
|
|
|
circulatory system of earthworm
|
is closed, contains blood in capilliaries, contains aortic arches
|
|
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hemoglobin would not be found in the blood of
|
insects
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what structures keep blood flowing within insects
|
hearts
|
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aristotle believed that blood was formed in the
|
liver
|
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aristotle believed that blood would never be found in the
|
arteries
|
|
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who first discoered blood inthe arteries
|
Galen
|
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Harvey calulaed total blood volume by measuring heart volume
|
by heart rate
|
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Harvey ogsereved valves in the veins always
|
point towards the heart
|
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who first discovered capilliaries
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Malphigini
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which blood vessels carry blood away from the heart
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areteries
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muscle tissue is used help pump blood in the
|
arteries
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with one exception, veins contain blood that is low in
|
oxygen
|
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valves
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prevent back flow of blood in veins
|
|
|
exchange of gases, nutrients, and wastes occurs between body cells
|
capillaries
|
|
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blood is first carries form the body to the heart by a large blood vessel known as the
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vena cava
|
|
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the valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle
|
tricuspid
|
|
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blood vessels that carry vlood from the lungs to the heart are
|
pumonary veins
|
|
|
blood in the pulmonary artery is
|
lower in oxygen
|
|
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when the left ventricle contracts, which valve closes to prevent backflow into the left atrium?
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bicuspid
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when the left ventricle contracts, blood is allowed to move into the
|
aorta
|
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durint he pahse of blood pressure known as systole
|
the ventricles contract
|
|
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during the phase of blood pressure known as diastole
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the semilunar valves close
|
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|
in and EKG, the P wave
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represent contraction of the atria
|
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the QRS complex represents
|
contraction of the ventricles
|
|
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the t wave
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represents the resetting of the ventricles
|
|
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circulatory region where vlood moves within the lungs
|
pulmonary
|
|
|
circulatory region where vlood moves within the liver i
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hepatic portal
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|
|
about what percent of blood plasma is water?
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90%
|
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what has no nucleus and contains large amounts of hemoglobin
|
erythocyte
|
|
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the nonfunctional protein found on the surface of the RBC is known as
|
antigen
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in the ABO blood group, if a person is Type A they have
|
B antibodies
|
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if a person is type O they
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have no antibodies
|
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the universal recipient is
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Type AB
|
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a man with type AB and a woman with type O could not have a child with
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type O
|
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a man with type A (heterozygous) and a woman with type B (homozygous) could
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have any blood type
|
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an Rh negative woman
|
has the ability to produce antibodies
|
|
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when injury occurs, what is the proper sequence?
|
prothrombin activator, prothrombin becomes throm bin, fibrinogen vecomes fibrin
|
|
|
what is need for the enzyme thrombin to activate
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calcium and vitamin k
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the disease that prevents normal blood clotting
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hemophilia
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type fo white blood cell that digests foreign organisms
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phagocytes
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white blood cell that "learns" to make antibodies to fight disease
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t lymphocyte
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mass production of antibodies
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b lymphocytes
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AIDS destructs
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t lymphocytes
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