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90 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Law of dominance
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dominant allele masks recessive allele
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law of segregation
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a pair of alleles separate during gamete formation(meiosis)
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independent assortment
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all sets of alleles separate randomly and independently
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homozygous
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alleles are alike : PP pp
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heterozygous
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alleles are diff : Pp
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dominant
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F1 generation, masks other trait in pair
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recessive
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F2 generation, the weaker allele, two copies must be present to express
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genotype
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organism's genetic makeup : PP Pp
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phenotype
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organisms appearance Pp is purple..pp is white
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test crosses
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the crossing of an individual of unknown genotype w/ a homozygous recessive individual to determine unknown genotype
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incomplete dominance
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offspring have a phenotype between that of the parents. Neither allele is Completely dominant over the other....Ex. 1 RR: 2 Rr: 1rr
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monohybrid
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a cross in which only one characteristic is tracked....PPx pp
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codominance
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a condition in which both alleles for a gene are fully expressed
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dihybrid
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cross in which two characteristics are tracked...ex. both texture and color are tracked...16 punnet
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gene expression
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the activation or "turning on" of a gene that results in transcription and the production of mRNA (most mRNA translates into proteins)
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promoter
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it initializes transcription
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genome
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complete genetic material contained in an individual
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inducer
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this protein initiates gene expression
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sex chromosomes
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determine the sex of the baby if there are two x's then the baby is a girl...if tyhere is one x and one y then it is a male
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sex linked traits
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the female carries the gene and the males lack that gene
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pedigree
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squares are males, circles are females, shaded means they have the inherited trait
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human genome project
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a research effort undertaken to sequence all of our DNA and locate within it all of the functionally important sequences such as genes
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earth age
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earth is 4.5 billion years old and life first appeared 3.5 billion years ago
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heterotrphs
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appear before autotrophs
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prokaryotes
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appear before eukaryotes
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radioactive dating
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a method of determining the absolute age of an object by comparing the relative percentages of radioactive isotope and a stable isotope
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half life
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the time required for half of a sample of a radioactiveisotope to break down by radioactive decay to form a daughter isotope
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carbon 14
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radioactive isotope
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carbon 12
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stable isotope
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darwins theory
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four main points= overproduction, struggle to survive, genetic variation, differential reproduction
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lamarcks theory
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traits are inherited , the animals strive to make themselves better...giraffes had short necks but stretched to trees which gave them long n's and the offspring inherited that trait
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darwins theory
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the individuals with favorable traits will survive and the ones w/out them wont survive
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adaption
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the process of becoming adapted to an environment:an anomatical,physiological, or behavioral trait that improves the ability to live
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survival of the fittest
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geology-charles lyell-gradual gological changes influence plant and animal life.......selective breeding has resulted in organisms w/ little resemblence to their ancestors
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artificial selection
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the selective breeding of organisms by humans for specific desirable characteristics
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population control
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more offspring are born than can survive
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fossils
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the trace of remains of an organism that lived long ago, most commonly preserved insedimentary
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biochemistry
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genetic code is universal. More closely related organisms are the more smaller their DNA
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homologous
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anatomical structures in one species that compared to another species originated from a single anatomical strucure in a common ancestor of the two species
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vestigial
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a structure in an organism that is reduced insize and function and that may have been complete and funtional in the organisms ancestors
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analogouse
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an anatomical structure in one species that is similar in funtion and appearance but not in evolutionary origin to another anatomical structure in another species
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convergent
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the process by which unrelated species become more similar as they adapt to the same kind of environment
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divergent
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the process by which two or more related but repoductively isolated popilations become more and more dissimilar
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hardy-weinburgs principle
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the frequencies of alleles ina population does not change over generations unless outside forves act on the population
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population genetics
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the study of the frequency and interaction of alleles and genes in populations
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gene pool
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all of the genes of the reproductively active members of a population
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genetic equilibrium
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frequency of alleles remains the same generation to generation
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genetic drift
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random change in allele frequencies due to change event(migration, natural disasters)
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levels of biosphere
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oraganism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere
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individuals(organisms)
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an independent individual that posesses all characteristics of life
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populations
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a group of various species that live in a specific geographical area and iterbreed
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community
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a group of various species that live in the same habitat and interact with each other
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ecosystem
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a communiity of organisms and their abiotic environment
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biosphere
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includes all living organisms on earth
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producers
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an organism that can make organic molecules from inorganic molecules; a photosynthetic or chemosynthetic autotrph that serves as the basic food source in an ecosystem
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consumers
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an organism that eats other organisms or organic matter instead of producing it's own nutrients of obtaining nutrients from inorganic sources
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decomposers
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an organism that feeds by breaking down organic matter from dead organisms
Ex. bacteria and fungi |
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food chains
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the pathway of energy transfer through various stages as a result of the feeding patterns of a series of organisms
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food web
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a diagram that shows the feeding relationships among organisms in an ecosystem
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ecological pyramids
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it takes a lot of producers to have the evergy transfered to larger animals at the top
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trophic levels
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an organisms relative position in a sequence of energy transfer in a food chain or food pyriamid
ex. producers, primary, secondary, tertiary consumer |
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biomass
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any organic material that has been produced in an ecosystem
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carbon cycle
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the movement of carbon from the nonliving environment into living things and back
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nitrogen cycle
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the process in which nitrogen circulates among the air, soil, water, plants, and animals in an ecosystem
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chemicals
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cycle through ecosystem
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energy
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lost as you go through the food chain...and does not cycle through the exosystem but is supplied by the sun
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factors that influence populations
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limiting factors, carrying capacity expotential growth, density dependent factors, density independent factors
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limiting factors
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an environmental factor that prevents and organism of poulation from reaching its full potential of distibution or activity
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carrying capacity
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the largest poulation that an environment can support at any given time
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density depedent factors
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a variable affected by the number of organisms in a given area
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density independent factors
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a variable that affects a population regardless of the poulation density such as a climate
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symbiosis
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a realationship inwhich two diff organisms live in close association with each other
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mutualism
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a relationship between two species in which both species benefit....bees and flowers
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commensalisms
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a relationship between two organisms in which one organisms benfits and the other is unaffects......cattle egrets and cape buffaloes
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parasitism
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a relationship between two species in which one species, the parasite benefits from the other species the host which is harmed...lice
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ecological succession
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a gradual proccess of gange and replacement in a community
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primary succession
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succession that begins in an area that previously didnt support life
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secondary succession
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the process by which one community replaces another community that has been partially or totally destroyed
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pioneer communities
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a species that colonizes an uninhabited area and that starts an ecological cycle in which many other species become established
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climax communities
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a community that, after a process of ecological succession has reached a generally stable state
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biomes
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theyy are known by the presence of plants and animals
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climatograms
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graph precipitation and temperature of a given area
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renewable resources
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trees are a renewable resource because it can be grown again
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non-renewable resources
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a forest is a nonrenewable resource
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biodegradable
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it can break down in the earth over time
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nonbiodegradable
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cannot break down; will take a very long time to break down
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water pollution
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people dump raw sewage or trash into the water
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chemical pollution
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produces smog which is form human activities, burning fuel, and using chemicals in vehiclas homes and industries
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cause of pollution
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hole in ozone...global warming
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non native species
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species that are introduced into a new environment
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