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469 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
toward or on the front of the body |
anterior |
|
toward or on the back |
posterior |
|
Toward the head, away from the tail |
superior |
|
inferior |
away from the head or toward the tail |
|
inferior |
away from the head or toward the tail |
|
proximal |
closer to the point of origin, generally a limb |
|
distal |
away from the point of origin generally the limb |
|
superficial |
toward the body surface, closer to the skin |
|
away from the body surface, away from the skin |
deep |
|
Where is dorsal cavity located and what cavities does it contain? |
Posterior side of body, cranial and spinal |
|
Where is ventral cavity located and what cavitites does it contain |
On the anterior side of the body, thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities |
|
What is the serous membrane |
Double layered membrane that produces serous fluid to lubricate the organs in the cavity |
|
A section made parallel to the body's longitudinal axis. Divides body into right and left parts |
Sagittal Plane |
|
A section made parallel to the body's longitudinal axis; divides the body into an anterior and posterior part |
Frontal Plane |
|
A section made perpendicular to the body's longitudal axis; divides the body into a superior part and an inferior part |
Tansverse Plane |
|
Major organs of integumentary system |
skin, hair, nails |
|
What does integumentary system do? |
Protection, sensation, vitamin D production |
|
Organs of skeletal system |
Bone and joints |
|
What does skeletal system do? |
Protection, support, movement, blood cell production, mineral storage |
|
Organs of Muscular system |
Skeletal Muscles |
|
What does skeletal system do |
Movement, posture maintenance, heat production |
|
Organs of the nervous system |
Brain and Spinal cord |
|
What does the nervous system do? |
Control system of the body, maintains homeostasis through nerve impulses |
|
Parts of cradio vascular system |
Heart, blood vessels |
|
What does cardiovascular system do? |
Pump and carry blood to deliver oxygen to organs and carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs |
|
Organs of the respiratory system |
Lungs and respiratory tract |
|
What does respiratory tract do? |
Oxygenate blood and remove carbon dioxide from the blood |
|
Organs of lymphatic system |
Lymph Vessels, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes |
|
What does lymphatic system do? |
return fluid that has leaked form the blood vessels, immunity and protection |
|
Organs of the Urinary System? |
Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra |
|
What does Urinary System do? |
Filters blood to form urine, stores and transports urine, regulates fluid, electrolyte and acid base balance |
|
Organs of digestive system |
Espohagus, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, gallbladder |
|
What does digestive system do? |
Breaks down and absorbs food, absorbs water and electrolytes, eliminates indigestible substances |
|
Parts of endocrine system |
hypothalmus, pituitary gland, thyroid and parathyroid glands, ovaries, testes, pancrease, thymus, adrenal glands |
|
Parts of reproductive system |
Ovaries, uterus, vagina, testes, ductus (vas) deferens, penis |
|
What does reproductive system do? |
production of hormones and perpetuation of the species |
|
This maintains dynamic stability of body's internal enviroment in response to external changes in conditions |
Homestatesis |
|
Physiological systems work to restore balnce with this fails what results? |
Disease or death |
|
What is automatic response in a cell, tissue, or organ to an environmental chanage |
Autoregulation aka Intrinsic |
|
Responses controlled by nervous and endocrine systems |
Extrinsic regulation |
|
In a feedback system this receives a stimulus |
Receptor |
|
In a feedback system this processes signal from receptor and sends instructions |
control center |
|
In a feedback system this carries out instructions from control center |
Effector |
|
To maintain homeostasis the body communicates through ______________ and _____________ |
neural hormonal |
|
The ______________ responds to changes in the enviroment, sends info to control center |
receptor |
|
The _________ determines set point, analyzes info and determines appropriate response |
Control Center |
|
This _________ provides a means for response to stimuli |
Effector |
|
A _________ feedback system shuts off the orginal stimulus, reduces intensity |
Negative |
|
The response of the ____________ negates the stimulus until normal range is achieved |
Effector |
|
In a ___________feedback system the original stimulus is used to push variable farther |
Positive |
|
Positive feedback occurs when the respnse of the effector ______________ the stimulus that produced it. |
Amplifies or magnifies |
|
In a positive feedback system the orignial response of the effector is modified in the _____direction aka viscious cycle |
positive |
|
What positions is hands at sides, palms forward, feet forward |
anatomical |
|
Lying down, face up |
supine |
|
Lying down, Face down |
prone |
|
This references anatomical landmars, references palpable structures |
Superficial anatomy |
|
Organs in RUQ |
Liver, gallbladder, large and small intestine |
|
Organs In LUQ |
Stomach, spleen |
|
Organs in RUQ |
Appendix |
|
Organs in LUQ |
urinary blader |
|
This is a 3 dementional axis |
plan |
|
This is a slic parallel to a plane |
section |
|
What cavities are located on ventral body cavity |
Thoracic, adominopelvic, |
|
The thoracic and Abdominopelvic cavities are divided by the |
diaphram |
|
Organs of thoracic cavity |
heart lungs and others |
|
organs of abdominopelvic cavity house |
digestive system and most urinary organs |
|
Abdominopelvic cavity is divided into 3 seperate cavities |
Abdominal Pelvic Peritoneal |
|
Thoracic cavity is divided into two cavities called |
plueral cavity and Peridcardial cavity |
|
The ______ membrane lines body cavities and covers organs |
Serous |
|
The internal side of serous membrane is called |
Viseral |
|
The exterior side of membrane is called |
pariteial |
|
There is _____________ between sections of membrane |
space |
|
The upper portion of the _______________ is filled with _______________, ______________, _______________, and _____________. |
Mediastinum blood vessels, trachea, esophagus, and thymus |
|
Lower portion of mediastinum contains ___________ located within the ___________ cavity |
Heart pericardial |
|
Space between visceral and pariteal membranes is called _____________. |
Pericardial cavity |
|
This is a chamber within the abdominopelvic cavity___________ |
Peritoneal Cavity |
|
The _______________ lines the internal body wall. |
parietal Peritoneum |
|
The _______________ covers the organs |
Viseral Peritoneum |
|
The superior portion of the abdominal cavity contains the __________ |
digestive organs |
|
This is the area posterior to peritoneum and anterior to muscular body wall |
retroperitoneal space |
|
The retroperitenal space contains what organs |
pancrease, kidneys, ureters, and parts of the digestive tract |
|
The pelvic cavity is located in the _____ portion of the abomino pelvic cavity and within the ______ bones. |
interior pelvic |
|
The pelvic cavity contains what organs _________ |
reproductive, rectum, bladder |
|
________ are a collection of cells and cell products that perform specific, limited functions |
Tissues |
|
Four types of tissue |
Epithelial connective muscle neural |
|
This tissue covers exposed surfaces, lines internal passageways, forms glands |
Epithelial |
|
This tissue fills internal spaces, supports other tissues, transports materials and stores energy |
Connective |
|
This tissue is used for specialized contraction, found in skeletal, heart and hollow organs |
muscle |
|
This tissue carries electrical signals |
Neural |
|
A cut in tissues made along direction of organ |
longitudinal section (l.s.) |
|
A cut in tissue perpendicular to length of organ |
Cross Section (c.s. or x.s.) or Transverse (t.s.) section |
|
A tissue cut at angle between cross and longitudinal section |
oblique |
|
The Extracellular matrix (ECM) contains |
No living material called ground substance and protiens |
|
This is a clear, colorous and viscous fluid that fills spaces between cells and slows pathogen movement. |
ground subtances |
|
This contains mostly water with adhesion protiens of various typles and polysaccharide molecules and the fibers are produced by the cells |
Ground Substance |
|
There are two types of epithelia tissues |
Epithelia or glandular epithial |
|
This tissue consists of layers of cells that cover internal or external surfaces |
epithehial |
|
This tissue covers structures that produce secretions |
gladular Epithelial tissue |
|
Glandular epitheal tissue secretes |
sweat, wax or oil |
|
Epithelial tissue provides protection by |
Controlling permeability provides sensation Produces specialized secretions |
|
Four characteristics of epithelial tissue |
Cellularity, polarity and attachment, avascularity and regeneration |
|
Polarity and attachement of epithelial tissue is found in the _____________. |
Apical and basal surfaces |
|
The ________________ is a layer between an epithelium and the underlying connective tissue, anchors the epithelium to the connective tissue below it. |
Basement membrane |
|
Th ______ surface of an epithelial cell that faces the basement membrane. |
Basal surface |
|
The _______ of an epithelial cell that faces away from the basement membrane. |
Apical surface |
|
The ____ Surface is smooth, pleated, micro villi, cilli always apex |
Apical |
|
Epithelial tissue is avascular meaning |
contains no blood supply |
|
Epithelial tissue regenerates by |
replacing itself |
|
In epithelial tissue these permit free diffusion of ions and small Molecules between cells |
Gap Junctions |
|
In epithelial tissue theses attach a cell to extracellular structures such as the protien fibers in the basement membrane. |
Hemidesmosones |
|
In epithelial tissue a ______ is fromed by the fusion of the outer layers of two plasma membranes. |
Tight Junctions |
|
These junctions prevent diffusion of fluids and solutes between cells. Prevents sharing of material |
Tight Junction |
|
The ____ junction contains a continuous _____ belt that lies deep to the tight junction. This belt is tied to ______ of the _______ web. |
Tight adhesion microfilaments terminal |
|
A ___________ ties adjacent cells together |
Spot desmone |
|
Three classes of epithelial tissue based on shape. |
Squamous cubodial columar |
|
This epithelia tissue is thin and flat |
Squamous |
|
This type of epithelia tissue is square shapped |
cubodial |
|
This type of epithelia tissue is tall and resembles slender rectangles |
columnar |
|
Two types of layers of epithelium tissue |
Simple and Stratified |
|
________epithelial consists of a single layer of cells. |
Simple |
|
________ epithelial consists of several layers of cells |
Stratified |
|
This tissue is one layer, named by shape of cells and all cells touch basement membrane |
Simple epithelium |
|
This tissue contains more than one layer, named by shape of apical cells ( ones on top), some cells rest on top of other cells and do not touch basement membrane |
Stratified epithelium |
|
Mitosis in epithelial tissue occurs near ______ membrance |
basement` |
|
This tissue is located in mesothelia lining of pleural, pericardial, peritoneal cavities, lines heart and blood vessels, portions of kidney tubles, inner lining of cornea, aveoli in lungs |
simple squamous epithelial tissue |
|
This tissue reduces friction, controls vessel permeability (diffusion and filtration) performs absorption and secretion |
Simple squamous epithelial |
|
This type of tissue depends on ability to stretch and return to normal |
Transitional Epithelium |
|
This type of tissue lines the walls of the intestine, has microville |
Simple columnar epithelium |
|
The surface of the tongue, skin and esphogaus contact _______ tissue |
stratified Squamous |
|
This tissue lines some ducts, provides protection, secretion and absorption |
Stratified cubodial |
|
This type of tissue is in small areas of pharynx, epiglottis, anus, mammary glands, salivary gland ducts, and urethra, provides protection |
Stratified Columnar epitelium |
|
This type of tissue lines the nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi, portions of male reproductive tract, protects, provides secretions, moves mucus with cillia |
Pseudostratified Ciliated columnar Epithelim |
|
This tissue contains two layers of cubodial cells and provides protection |
Startified cubodial |
|
This type of tissue contains surface cells that are colmnar, cells underneath vary in size and shape, provides protection |
Stratified columnar |
|
This tissue is rare in human body, found in ducts and glands |
Stratified cuboidal and columnar |
|
Endocrine glands do not contain _______. |
ducts. |
|
These types of glands release hormones into interstitial fluid |
Endocrine glands |
|
The types of glands contain ______. |
ducts |
|
These glands produce secretions onto epithelial surfaces and through ducts |
exocrine Glands |
|
What glands are found in glandular epithelia |
Endocrine and exocrine glands |
|
What are the three modes of secretion in gladular epithelia tissue |
Merocrine Apocrine Holocrine |
|
List glands of secretion from least to most |
Merocrine Apocrine Holocrine |
|
In __________ secretion, product is released from secretory vesiles at the apical surface of the gland cell by ________. |
Merocrine Exocytosis |
|
________ secretion involves the loss of apical cytoplasm, inclusions, secretory vesicles and other cytoplasmic components shed in the process. |
Apocrine |
|
In this secretion the gland grows and repairs itself before is releases addition secretions. |
Apocrine |
|
The mamary glands involve _________ secretion |
Apocrine |
|
The salivary glands involve _________ secretion |
Merocrine |
|
In this secretion the superfical gland bursts. In order to continue to secrete the cells must be replaced through mitotic divisionsof underlying stem cells |
Holocrine |
|
__________secretion is seen in the ______ gland of hair cells |
Holocrine Sebaceous |
|
In glandular epithelia secretons what are the glands called |
Serous mucous Mixed exocrine glands |
|
This gland produces watery secretions |
Serous |
|
This gland secretes mucins |
mucous |
|
This gland secretes both serous and mucous |
Mixed exocrine |
|
Unicellular gland means |
only one |
|
____________ cells are the only unicellar exocrine glands. |
Mucous (goblet) |
|
These are scattered among epithelia tissue Ex. intestinal lining |
Mucous cells |
|
Two types of structures of multicellular glands |
Simple Compound |
|
Shapes of multicellar glands |
Tubular and Aveolar |
|
Ducts and glandular areas are ______ and share ____ duct. |
Branched One |
|
Intestinal glands are _____ Tubular |
simple |
|
Merocrine sweat glands have a _______ shape |
Simple coiled shape |
|
Gastric glands, mucous glands of esphogus, tongue and dodenum have what shape glands |
simple branched tubular |
|
These glands not found in adults but found during stagein development |
Simple aveolar glands |
|
Shape of sebaceous glands |
Simple branched alveolar |
|
This tissue most diverse, abundant and widely distributed |
connective tissue |
|
This tissue connects and is glue and filer of body |
connective tisue |
|
Tendons, ligaments, body fat, bones, blood and cartilage are forms of _________ tissue |
connective |
|
This tissue provides support for structural frame work, physical protections, binds structures, stores materials, transports materials, provides immune protection and transports lymph fluid |
Connective tissue |
|
This tissue has specialized cells, solid extracellular protien fibers, fluid extracellular ground substance |
connective tissue |
|
The extracellular components of connective tissue make up _______ |
matrix |
|
In connective tissue the _________ contains matrix which is majority of tissue volume and determines sepcialized functions. |
Extracellular components of connective tissue |
|
Structural components of connective tissue |
Cells, protein fibers, ground substance |
|
Cells of ______ depend on type of cell ex. bone, cartilidge, fat |
connective tissue |
|
These are elastic fibers, collagen and recticular fibers |
Protien fibers |
|
This is mixtuer of protiens, carbs, some salts and H20
|
Ground Substance |
|
What comprises the ECM |
Protien fibers and ground substance |
|
The _____ is produced by the cells of each connective tissue. |
Matrix |
|
Connective tissue after birth is classfied into three broad categories |
CT proper Supporting CT Fluid CT |
|
All connective tissue starts at __________ level |
Mesencyme (before birth) |
|
Connective tissue proper is divided into two categories |
Loose connective and dense |
|
This connective tissue contains few fibers and more ground substance |
Loose |
|
This connective tissue contains more fibers and less ground substance |
Dense |
|
Areolar, adipose and reticular tissue are considered _______ connective tissue |
loose |
|
Regular, irregular and elastic tissue are considered _______ tissue |
dense |
|
What are two type of supportive connective tissue |
Cartlidge and bone |
|
Cartildge contains _______ matrix and bone contains ______ solid |
semi-solid solid |
|
types cartilage connective tissue |
Hyaline fibrocartilage elastic |
|
Types of bone connective tissue |
compact - Dense Sponge |
|
What is only type of fluid connective tissue |
blood |
|
This is first connective tissue to appear in an embryo |
Mesenchyme |
|
__________ is mucous connective tissue taken from umbilical cord of fetus |
Whartons Jelly |
|
___________ cells are resident cells that are abundant, flat with tapered ends, produce fiber and ground substance of ecm |
fibroblasts |
|
_____________are resident cells, fat cells with single large lipid droplet, cell components pushed to one side, store lipid reserves |
adipose |
|
______ are resident large cells derived from monocytes in blood, reside in ecm after leaving blood, phagocytize foreign materials |
fixed macrophages |
|
______are resident, stellate or spindle shaped embroyic stem cells, divide in response to injury to produce new connective cells |
Mesenchmal cells |
|
These cells wander, small with granule filled cytoplasm, release histamine and heparine to stimulate local inflammation |
mast |
|
These cells wander, small with distinct nucleus drived from activated B-lymphocytes, form antibodies that immobilize foreigh substances, bacteria and viruses |
plasma |
|
These are wandering cells are mobil phagocytic cells romed from moncytes of the blood, phagocytuize foreign materials |
Free macrophages |
|
These are wandering cells, white blood cells that enter connective tissue and attack foreign materials or directly combat bacteria |
Other lukeocytes |
|
These cells are stationary, maintain and repair extracellular matrix and store materials |
Resident cells |
|
These cells move through connective tissue sapces, repair demanged ecm, activate immune response |
Wandering cells |
|
This loose connective tissue is composed of fibrobalses, lesser amounts of collagen and elastic fibers, has viscous ground substance, binds and is packed around organs of the nerves, vessels and subcutaneous layer |
areolar CT |
|
This loose connective tissue contains adipocytes, protects, stores fats, insulates, found in subcutaneous layers, surrounding kidney and other skeletal organs |
adipose CT |
|
This loose connective tissue is a meshwork of reticular fibers, forms stroma of lymphatic organs, stroma of spleen, liver, lymph nodes and bone marrow |
Reticular CT |
|
This dense CT has densley packed collagen fibers parallel to disrection of stress, provides flexability, irregularly clumped togther and projects in all directions, provides tensile stength, found in dermis and organ capsules |
Dense irregular CT |
|
This dense CT contains elastic and collagen fibers arranged irregularly, provides framework and supports organs, walls of arteries |
Elastic connective |
|
Three general types of CT Proper |
Collagen fibers Elastic fibers Reticular fibers |
|
These fibers of CT proper are long, unbranching, strong, flexible, make up 25% of all protein in human body making collagen the most abundant protien. |
collagen fibers |
|
These fibers of CT proper are thinner than collagen, stretch easily, branch and rejoin, they allow structures such as blood vessels to stretch and relax |
elastic fibers |
|
These fibers of CT proper are thinner than collagen fibers, form meshwork like configuration, found in organs with abundant spaces such as liver, lymph nodes and spleen, packing material |
Reticular fibers |
|
The loose connective tissues considered packing materials of body are: |
areolar adipose reticular |
|
This loose CT found within and deep to dermis of skin, covered by epithelial lining of digestive and respiratory, urinary tracts, between muscles, around joints, blood vessels and nerves |
Areolar tissu |
|
This loose CT cushions organs, provides support but permits independent movement, phagocytic cells provide defense against pathogens |
Areolar tissue |
|
This tissue is deep to skin, found at sides, buttocks and breasts, padding around kidneys and eyes, provides cushioning against shocks, insulates, reduces heat loss and stores energy |
Adipose tissue |
|
This fat is most common, stores fat, absorbs shocks, slow heat loss |
white fat |
|
This fat more vasularized, adipocytes have many mitochondria, when stimulated by nervous system, fat, breakdown accelerates, releasing energy,absorbs energy from surrounding tissue |
Brown fat |
|
This tissue found in liver, kidney, spleen, lymph nodes and bone marrow, provides supports |
reticular tissue |
|
Three types of dense CT |
Dense regular dense irregular elastic |
|
This CT tissue densely packed, parallel collagen fibers, fibroblast nuclei squeezed between layers of fibers, scarce ground substance |
dense regular CT |
|
This Dense CT tissue attaches muscle to bone, bone to bone, resists stress applied in one direction |
Dense regular CT |
|
This dense regular CT forms tendons and most ligaments |
Dense Regular CT |
|
This Dense CT tissue found in collagen fibers, randomly arranged and clumped together, fibroblasts among fibers, more ground substance than dense regular |
Dense Irregular CTT |
|
This CT withstands stresses applied in all directions, durabel |
Dense irregular CT |
|
This CT located in dermis, periosternum, covering bone, perichondrium, covering cartildge and organ capsules |
Dense irregular CT |
|
This tissue found between vertebra of spone |
Elastic |
|
This tissue resists forces, keeps things like bladder from over expanding |
Dense irregular CT |
|
This found in skeletal muscles, tendons and at deep fascia |
Dense regular CT |
|
This tissue stretches, resilent, found in tissues of lunds, artery walls, |
Dense Elastic CT |
|
This tissue supports soft tissue and body weight |
Supporting connective |
|
This supportive CT has gel like ground substance, provides for shock absorption and protection |
Cartilage |
|
This supporting CT is calcified, supports weight |
Bone |
|
Cartalidge cells are called ______ that live in spaces callee ______ |
chondrocytes lacunae |
|
Chrondrocytes produe ________Factor |
antiangiogensis |
|
Cartilage is considered ______ diffusion brings nutrients removes waster |
avascular |
|
This is out layer of cartildge, provides strength, inner layer is cellular layer that provides for growth and maintenance |
perichondrium |
|
Three types of cartalidge |
Hayline elastic fibrocartilage |
|
_______ cartalidge most common but is also the _________ and forms fetal skeleton. |
Hayline weakest |
|
_______ cartalidge Found in tips of ribs, bones of sternum, covers surfaces at synovial joints, supports larynx, tracahea, bronchi and forms party of nasal septum |
Hayline |
|
_______ cartalidge provides stiff but somewhat flexible support, reduces friction |
Hayline |
|
_______cartilage found in external ear, epiglotis, auditory canal, cuneiform, cartilages of larynx |
elastic |
|
This cartilage provides supoprt but tolerates distortion without damage, returns to original shape |
elastic |
|
This cartalige found in knee joint, between pubic bone, and intervertebral discs. |
Fibrocartilage |
|
This cartilage resists compression, prevents bone to bone contact, limits movement |
Fibrocartilage |
|
This type of growth is result of chondrocytes increasing cell number by mytosis and amount of matrix within |
interstitial growth |
|
This type of growth results from osteoprogenitor cells in perichondrium that produce a new layer of cartilage tissue from the outside |
Appositional growth |
|
This Supporting CT is strong and resists shattering |
bones or osseous |
|
Bones cells are called |
Osteocytes |
|
These are arranged around central canals within matrix, small channels through canaliculi accuss blood supply |
bones cells or osteocytes |
|
This covers bone surfaces, fibrous layer and cellular layer |
periosteum |
|
Bone has extensive _______ network where as cartilage is considered _____. |
vascular avascular |
|
Repair of cartilage is _____ where as repair of bone is ______, |
limited extensive |
|
Two types of fluid connective tissue |
blood and lymph |
|
Blood and lymph CT consist of _____ matrix of dissolved ______. |
watery dissolved |
|
Cells in blood |
red, white and platelets |
|
ECM in blood consists of |
plasma, interstitial fluid, lymph |
|
Blood CT transported in |
artieries, capilaries and veins |
|
Lymph CT transported in |
lymphatic vessels |
|
This fluid CT transports O2 and co2 |
red blood cells |
|
red blood cells account for about what perecent of whole blood |
50 |
|
______ blood cells help defend body against infection |
white |
|
These are phagocytes similar to the free macrophages in other tissues |
moncytes |
|
These are uncommon in blood but are dominant in lymph CT |
Lymphocytes |
|
These are phagocytes |
Eosinophils and neutrophils |
|
These promote inflamation like mast cells in other ct |
basophils |
|
These are membrane enclosed packets of cytoplasm that function in blood clotting |
platelets |
|
This Fluid CT is collected from interstitial space, monitored by immune system, transported by lymphatic system, returned to venous system |
lymph |
|
This tissue produces all body movement and is speciallized for contraction |
muscle |
|
Three types of muscle tissue |
skeletal, cardiac, smooth muscle |
|
large body muscles are |
skeletal |
|
This muscle found only in heart |
cardiac |
|
This muscle tissue found in walls of hollow organs, contracting organs, urinary bladder, respiratory, digestive and reproductive tracts |
Smooth Muscle |
|
Classification of muscle tissue |
Striated no striated |
|
This muscle has balanced appearance |
striated |
|
This muscle tissue has single or multineucleate nucleus, controlled voluntarily or involuntarily |
Non stiated |
|
This muscle long and thin, usually called muscle fibers, do not divid, new fibers produced stem cells |
Skeletal muscle cells |
|
This tissue specialized fro conducting electrical impulses, rapidly senses internal or external enviroment, process information and controls responses |
nervous tisseu |
|
Neural tissue is concentrated in |
brain and spinal cord |
|
Two types of neural cells |
Neuron neroglia |
|
These are nerve cells that can send and receive messages, perform electrical communication |
neurons |
|
These nerve cells support cells, repair and supply nutrients to neurons |
Neuroglia |
|
This part of neuro contains neucleus and nucleolus |
cell body |
|
This part of neuro has short branches extending from the cell body, receives incoming signals |
dendrites |
|
This part of neuro contains long thin extension of cell body, carries out going electical signals to thier destination |
axon (Nerve fiber) |
|
Three parts of neuron |
Cell body dendrites axon |
|
This part of nervous system supports physical structure of tissues, repair tissue framework after injury, perform phagocytosis, provide nutrients to neurons, regulate composition of interstitial fluid |
Neuroglia |
|
These provide physical barriers, line portion of the body, consiste of epithelium and are supported by connective tissue |
membranes |
|
Four types of Membranes |
Cutaneous mucous serous synovial |
|
Three epithelial membranes |
Cutaneous mucous serous |
|
Type of connective tissue membrane |
Synovial membrane |
|
Cutaneous membrane found on |
covers body, skin |
|
Three layers of cutaneous membrane |
epithelium, areolar tissue, dense irregular connective tissue |
|
This membrane lines passageways that have external connections, found in digestive, urinary, reproductive tracts |
Mucous |
|
this membrane helps epithelial surfaces remain moist, reduces friction and facilitates absorption and excretion |
mucous |
|
This is found in areolar tissue |
lamina propria |
|
This lines cavities not open to outside |
serous membrane |
|
This is thin but strong, have fluid transduate to reduce friction |
serous membrane |
|
This has a viseral portion (serosa) covering the organs and Parietal portion covering cavity |
Serous Membrane |
|
surface layer of this membrane is of simple sqaumous epithelium |
serous |
|
What are the three serous membranes |
Pluera, Peritoneum, pericardium |
|
Lines pleural cavities covers outside of lunds |
Pleura serous membrane |
|
Lines peritoneal cavity and covers abdominal organs |
Peritoneum |
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Lines pericardial cavity and covers heart |
pericardium |
|
These membranes line body cavities close to exterior |
Serous |
|
These membranes line moving articular joint cavities, produce synovial fluid, protect ends of bones, lack a true epithelim |
Synovial |
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These tissue provide strength and stability, maintain positions of internal organs, provide routes for blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves |
connective tissues |
|
These tissues provide body's framework of connective tissue, layers and wrappings that support or surround orgnas |
fascia |
|
Three types of fasciae |
Superficial, deep, subserous |
|
This fascia is located between skin and underlying organs, areolar tissue and adipose tissue, aka subcutaneous layer or hypodermis |
superfical |
|
This fascia is bound to capsules, tendons and ligaments, dense connective tissue, forms a strong fibrous internal framework |
deep |
|
this is between serous membranes and deep fascia, areolar tissue |
Subserous |
|
Tissue growth is achieved by__________number of cells or _________ in size of cells. |
Increase Increase |
|
This is tissue growth due to increase in # of cells |
Hyperplasia |
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This is tissue growth by increase in Size of cells and occurs through exercise |
Hypertrophy |
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This is called ________ as unspecialized tissues of embryo become specialized mature types ex. Mesenchyme to muscle |
Differtiation |
|
This changes tissue from one type of mature tissue to another. ex. simple cuboidal tissue of vagina before puberty changes to stratified squamous after puberty or pseudostratified columnar epithelim of bronchi of smokers to stratified squamous epithelium |
Metaplasia |
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This replaces dead or damaged cells with same type of cell as before, restores normal function, involves skin and liver injuries |
regeneration |
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This results in repair of dense connective tissue, scar tissue, holds organs together but does not restore normal function, seen in cuts, burns, muscle injuries, lungs in TB |
fibrous |
|
Type of wound healing either regeneration or fibrous is dependent on ______________ and _____________ |
Type of tissue damaged and Severity of injury |
|
Tissues respond to injuries to maintain |
homeostatis |
|
Cells restore homeostatis with what two process |
inflammation and regeneration |
|
This is first response to tissue injury |
inflammation |
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Inflammatory response can be triggered by |
Trauma and infection |
|
Swelling, redness, heat and pain are symptoms of what type of response |
inflammatory |
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During process of inflamation, _______ in cell release ______ that destroy the injured cell and attach surrounding tissue |
lysosoomes |
|
Tissue destruction is called |
Nercrosis |
|
_________ and __________ accumulate in wound |
Necrotic tissue and pus |
|
This is pus trapped in an enclosed area |
abscess |
|
Injury stimulates mast cells to release |
histamine, heparin and prostaglandins |
|
During inflamation blood vessels ___________, _____________ increases causing warmth and redness. This also brings more nutrients and oxygen to the area and removes waste |
dilate blood flow |
|
This diffuses into area causing pain and swelling |
plasma |
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These white blood cells clean up area |
phagocytic |
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This begins after injury or infection cleaned up |
regeneration/healing |
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_________ during regeneration move into necrotic area, lay down collagen fibers, bind area (scar tissue) |
fibrocytes |
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______ cells migrate into area or are produced by _______ stem cells |
new mesenchymal |
|
Three events in tissue repair |
inflammation granulation tissue forms regeneration of surface |
|
Tissues that regenerate easily |
Epithelial (skin and mucous membranes) Fibrous connective tissue and bone |
|
Tissue that regenerates poorly |
skeletal muscle |
|
Tissues that are replaced largely with scar tissue |
cardiac muscle nervous tissue within in brain and spinal cord |
|
The largest system of body |
integument |
|
Comprises 16 percent of body weight |
integument |
|
Two parts of integument |
Cutaneous and accessory structures |
|
This membrane contains outer epidermis (skin), superficial epithelim and innder dermis connective tissue |
`cutaneous membrane |
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This part originates in dermis, extends through epidermis to skin such as hair, nails, muticellular exocrine glands |
accessory structures |
|
This portion of integumentary system provides protection from enviromental hazards, storage of lipids, coordinates immune response to pathogens and cancers in skin |
Cutaneous membrane |
|
This protects dermis, prevents water loss and entry of pathogens, synthesizes vitamin D3, has sensory receptors that detect touch, pressure, pain and temp |
Epidermis Stratified squamous |
|
Two parts of cutaneous membrane |
epidermis stratified squamous and dermis |
|
This layer of dermis nourishes and supports epiderms |
papillary layer |
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This part of dermis has sensory receptors that detect touch, pressure, pain, vibration, and temp, assists blood vessels in thermo regulation |
reticular layer |
|
The accessory structures of integumentary system are: |
hair folicles exocrine glands nails |
|
This protects skull and provides deliecate touch sensations on general body surface |
hair folicles |
|
These assist in temperature regulation and waste secretion |
exocrine glands |
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These protect and support tips of fingers and toes |
nails |
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This lies below integument, stablizes skin and allows seperate movement |
Hypodermis |
|
This is made of elastic areolar and adipose tissues, connected to reticular layer of integument by connective tissue fibers |
Hypodermis |
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This has few capillaries and no vital organs, site of subcutaneous injections using hypodermic needles |
Hypodermis |
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This consists of stratified squamous epithelium |
Epodermis |
|
The stratum basale is located under |
epidermis |
|
The __________ is attached to epidermis in wavy pattern |
basement membrane |
|
wavy pattern of basement membrane called |
epidermal ridge |
|
The ______ are located between basement membrane and dermis |
dermal papilla |
|
Layers of epidermis |
Stratum Corneum, lucidum, granulosum, spinosum, basale |
|
This consists of multiple layers of flattened dead interlocking keratinocytes, water resitant not water proof, permits slow water loss by insensible perspiration, Top-first layer of epidermis |
Stratum corneum |
|
This is 2nd layer from top of epidermis, appear as glassy layer in thick skin only |
Strtum Lucidum aka clear layer |
|
This is 3rd layer from top of epidermis, contains keratoycoyets, keratin fibers develop become thinner anf later, gradually the plasma membranes thicken, the organelles desinegrate and cells die |
Stratum granulosum aka grainy layer |
|
This is 4th layer from top contains keraitinocytes that are bond by desmosomes |
Stratum Spinosum aka spiny layer |
|
This is 5th layer from top, deepest, basal layer, attachment to basement membrane, contains basal (stem) cells, melanocytes, tactile (merkle ) cells |
Stratum Basale (germative layer- site of mitosis) |
|
_________ is sweat through sweat glands |
sensible |
|
_________ is sweat through skin tissue |
insensible |
|
This layer contains nerve fibers in skin control that involve blood flow, gland secretions sensory receptiors |
Dermis |
|
Tactile corpuscles located in ___________ |
dermal papillae |
|
Deep pressure and vibration located in _______ layer and contain lamellated corpuscles |
reticular |
|
These are produced by mitosis of stem cells in stratum basale or in deepest part of stratum spinosum. |
keratinocytes |
|
New Keratinocytes push ____ ones toward surface |
older |
|
Over time keratinocytes _______ to produce more keratine and membrane coatings |
flatten |
|
It takes how many days for keratinocyte to make its way to surface and flake off |
30 to 40 |
|
Exfoliating keartinocytes is _____ in old age and ____ when skin is injured or stressed |
slower faster |
|
Calluses or corns on hands or feet are accumulations of dead |
Keratinocytes |
|
This type of perspiration is result of interstitial fluid evaporated thru stratum corneum |
insensible |
|
This type of perspiration relases water by sweat glands and can cause dehydration from damage to stratum corneum from burns and blisters or from immersion in hypertonic solution such as seawater |
Sensible perspiration |
|
This comes from immersion in hypotonic solution of fresh water and causes swelling of epithelial cells on palms and soles of feet |
hydration |
|
Skin color influenced by what two pigments |
Carotene and melanin |
|
This pigment is orange-yellow, found in orange veges, accumulates in epidermal cells and fatty tissues of dermis and can be converted into vitamin A |
carotene |
|
This pigment is yellow-brown, produced by melanocytes in stratum basal, stored in transport vesicles called melanosomes, transferred to keratinocytes |
Melanin |
|
These produce and store melanin |
melanocytes |
|
These contain melanin that protect from sun damage, UV radiation and colors skin |
melanocytes |
|
Skin color that is blue due to lack of oxygen |
cyanosis |
|
Skin color that is reddened due to increased blood flow |
erythema |
|
Skin that is pale due to decreased blood flow |
pallor |
|
Milky white skin, blue grey eyes due to genetic lack of mealnin synthesizing enzyme |
albinism |
|
Yellowing due to bilirubin in blood |
jaundice |
|
Bruising or clotted blood under skin |
hematoma |
|
What cells in presence of UV radiation produce Cholecalciferol aka vitamin D3 |
Epidermal |
|
What converts Vitamin D3 to calcitriol that aids in absorption of calcium and phospurus |
Liver and kidneys |
|
Insufficient vitamin D3 can cause |
rickets |
|
Epidermal growth factor EFG is produced by |
Salivary and duodenum glands |
|
This is powerful peptide growth factor |
Epidermal growth factor EFG |
|
This is used in labs to grow skin grafts |
Epidermal growth factor |
|
This promotes division of germ cells, accelerates keratin production, stimulates epidermal repair and glandular secretion |
Epidermal Growth factor |
|
Dehydration, age, hormonal changes and UV exposure cause |
skin damage/wrinkes/sagging |
|
This is result of thickened tissue from excessive stretching due to pregnancy and weight gain |
Stretch marks |
|
These are collagen and elastic fibers in the dermis that are arranged in parallel bundles and resist force in a specific situation |
cleavage lines |
|
These establish important patterns ex. parallel cut remains shut and heals well or a cut across right angle pulls open and scars |
cleavage tension lines |
|
Located in dermis and is a network of arteries along the reticular layer |
cutaneous plexus |
|
Located in dermis and form capillary network from small arteries in papillary layer |
papillary plexus |
|
Located in dermis and allow capillary return deep to the papillary plexus |
venous plexus |
|
Damage to blood vessels resultin in black and blue bruising |
contusion |
|
Bleeding occurs right after injury and mast cells trigger inflammatory response this is ______ in repair of skin |
1st step |
|
After several hourse scab forms, cells of stratum germinativum and phagocytic cells remove debris, circulation enhanced, clots around primary edges of region are _____ step in skin repair |
2nd |
|
After week scab has undermined epidermal cells, and phagocytic activity has almost end this is _____ step in skin repair |
3rd |
|
After several weeks scab sheds and a shallow depression is left at sight of injury but fibroblasts will continue to create scar tissue. this is step ____ in skin repair |
4 |
|
these produce scar tissue that strengthens scar, a raised keloid may also form |
fibroblasts |
|
The only parts of human body that dont have hair are |
palms, soles, lips and portions of external genitailia |
|
Functions of hair |
protects and insulates, guards openings against particles and insects, sensitive to light touch |
|
This is fine, downy, unpigmented hair that appears on fetus last three months of development |
Lanugo |
|
This is coarser and more heavily pigmented hair found on eyebrows, eyelashes, hair of scalp, forms after puberty and some mail facial hair |
Terminal |
|
straight hair has _____ texture |
roundw |
|
wavy hair has _______ texture |
oval |
|
curly hair has ______ texture |
flat |
|
Hair color dependent on _________ granules in cells of cortex |
pigment |
|
This is located deep in dermis, produces non living hairs, base surrounded by sensory nerves (root plexus) |
Hair follicle |
|
This is under neuro control, involuntary smooth muscle, causes hair to stand up and produces goose bumps |
arrector pili |
|
These lubricate hair and control bacteria |
Sebaceous glands |
|
Two regions of hair |
hair root and shaft |
|
The is lower part of hair attached to integument |
Hair root |
|
This is upper part of hair not attached to integument |
Hair shaft |
|
Hair production beings at base of _______ deep in dermis |
hair folicle |
|
This contains hair capillaries and nerves |
hair papillaT |
|
This _________ produces _______ and contains layer of dividing cells, produces hair structure and p ushes hair up out of skin |
Hair bulb and hair matrix |
|
Three parts of hair shaft structure |
Medulla, cortex, cuticle |
|
The central core of hair shaft |
medula |
|
The middle layer of hair shaft |
Cortex |
|
The surface layer of hair shaft |
cuticle |
|
As hair is produced it is ______________ |
keratinized |
|
Medulla contains flexible and soft |
Keratine |
|
The Corex and cuticle shaft of hair contain |
Hard kerat |
|
The skin on which the nail plate rests |
nail bed |
|
The clear, kearatinized portion of the nail |
nail plate |
|
The proximal end of a nail, underlying the nail fold |
Nail root |
|
The major portion of the nail plate overlying the nail bed |
nail body |
|
The portion of the nail plate that extends beyond the end of the digit |
Free edge |
|
The epithelium of the nail bed |
hyponychium |
|
The fold of skin around the margins of the nail plate |
Nail fold |
|
The groove where the nail fold meets the nail plate |
nail grooveDea |
|
Dead epidermis that covers proximal end of nail commonly called cuticle |
eponychium |
|
The growth zone of nail (mytotic tissue) at proximal end of nail corrsponding to the stratum basal of epidermis |
nail matricTh |
|
The region at base of nail that appears as mall white crescent because it overlies a thick stratum basale that obscures dermal blood vessels from view |
lunule |
|
Cutaneous glands |
Sudoriferous, merocrine, apocrine, sebacesous, ceruminous and mammary |
|
Sweat glands that are part of cuetaneous glands |
sudoriferuous |
|
This cutaneous gland performs evaporative cooling, widely distributed over the body surface, open by ducts onto the skin surface |
merocrine glands |
|
This cutaneous gland functions as scent glands, found in regions that cover pubic, axillar, male facial hair open ducts |
apocrine |
|
This cutaneous gland is an oil gland within hair folicles |
sebaceousthis |
|
This cutaneous gland is located in ear canal and producers wax |
ceruminousT |
|
This cutaneous gland produces milk |
mammary gland |
|
Sebaceous and apocrine sweat glands are controlde by the ________________ that works simultaneously over entire body |
Autonomic Nervous system |
|
These glands are controlled independently and sweat occurs locally |
Merocrine |
|
The main function of sensible perspiration, works with cardiovascular system, regulates body temp. |
Thermoregulation |
|
This is result of abnormal cell mass |
Cancer |
|
Two classification of cancer |
Bengin (encapsulated) Metastized |
|
Most common type of cancer |
skin |
|
Three types of skin cancer |
basal cell carcinoma squamous cell carcinoma Malignant melanoma |
|
This kind of cancer most common, seldomly metastesizes, arises in basal stratum, small shiny bump with central deprssion and beaded edges |
Basal cell carcinoma |
|
This type of skin cancer arises from keratinocytes of stratum spinosum, metastasizes to lymph nodes, lesions on scap, ears, lower lip back, recovery good with early detection |
squamous cell carcinoma |
|
This type of skin cancer arises from melanocytes, can be removed if caught early, but if metatizes is fatal, highest in men, redheads, people who had severe burn as child |
Malignant melanoma |
|
In this kind of burn only epidermis is damaged, skin red swollen |
first degree burnI |
|
In this burn epidermis and upper dermis damaged skin red with blisters |
Second degree burn |
|
In this burn entire skin layer destroyed, burned area painless, burn is gray-white or black |
Third degree burn |
|
This method divides body in 11 areas, that each represent about 9 percent of burned area |
Rule of nines |
|
If 25% of body burned with 2nd degree burn, or 10% of body with 3rd degree burn or there are 3rd degree burns on face, hands or feet it is considered a |
Critical burn |
|
Epidermal thinning, decreased dendritic cells, vitamin d3 production, melanocyte activity, glandular activity, blood supply, hair folicles, elastic fibers of skin, decreased hormone levels and slower repair rate are result of |
Aging skin |