Bio Psych Midterm 2 Chap 7

age--better when we are younger

repetition and retrieval--things that are repeated exposed to activate learning mechanisms like LTP and snyaptogenesis

emotion--high levels of emotion (good or bad) can enhance memory

sleep--good, sufficient, restful sleep enhaces memory

the damage or death of neurons due to injury or other insult

1. accidental cell death

2, DOES NOT REQUIRE SIGNALING AND GENE EXPRESSION

3. cell swelling-which causes bursts

4. cell lyses (swells and bursts), spilling content

5. inflammation

larger damage to cell

1. "cell suicide"--very orderly

2. requires signaling and gene expression

3. cell shrinkage

4. cellfragnments into apoptotic bodies--like

5. clean pieces--no inflammation

6. smaller damage to cell

1. necrosis represents immediate consequence and apoptosis secondary consequences

2. both represent continuum. some very damaged cells die by necrosis immediately and less damaged may die later in apoptosis

3. apoptosis occurs so that damaged cells not functioning normally don't adversely affect tissue function

1. cerebrovascular disorders

2. brain tumors

3. physical trauma

4. infections

5. drugs and neurotoxins

6. neurodegenerative diseases

a group of brain dysfunctions related to diorders of the blood vessels supplying the brain

aneurysms and cerebral hemorrhage

thrombus and cerebrovascular occlusion

weakening of a blood vessel and if it bursts the seepage of blood into brain areas around it, caused by high blood pressure

blockage of a cerebral artery, often caused by atherosclerosis, a disease in which excess fats in the diet are deposited into blood vessels and blood clots form

1. crushing and compression of neurons by bleeding and hematoma (swelling mass of blood--clotted or unclotted)

2. ischemia

lack of blood (and thus O2 and glucose) delivery to "downstream" neurons causes both necrosis and apoptosis, occurs in both cerebral hemorrhage and cerebrovascular occlusion

causes death by necrosis, occurs in both cerebral hemorrhage only

energy defecit--lack of oxygen and glucose disrupts ato production, cells swell and burst whe pumps fail

lactic acidosis--buildup of lactic acid from anaerobic metabolism poisons cells and causes pumps to fail

oxidative stress

glutamat excitotoxicity

inflammation

buildup of metabolic intermediates due to abnormal ATP production in the absense of oxygen that damage DNA, proteins, and membranes--causes the small damage if built up

hypoxic (lack of oxygen) neurons release excess amounts of the NT gultamate, which causes huge calcium influx into postsynaptic neurons, which triffers apoptosis

immune cells from necrosis can also accidently kill neurons by releasing substances that trigger apoptosis

large, excessively proliferating masses of cells in the brain or spinal cord

glioma

secondary mestastases

primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET)

meningloma

glial cell tumor, very aggressive--rapidly growing, mostly found in adults

tumors that form elsewhere in the body and invade into the brain from the bloodstream, very aggressive, typically found in adults

very aggressive tumor formed from neural stem cells in young children only

tumor of the meninges that grow outside the brain, typically very slow growing, typically found in adults

compression due to tumor growth--crushes and kills neurons by necrosis, also causes neuronal misfiring

compression of blood vessels due to tumor growth--occludes blood supply, can cause ischemia and death of neurons by necrosis and apoptosis

tumor hijacking of blood supply of nutrients and oxygen

inflammation--immune cells attacking tumor release substances that cause neurons to die by apoptosis

damage caused by a blow to the head

1. coup

2. contrcoup

3. hematoma

4. edema

the inital or primary injury to the brain from the skill striking an object

injury to the opposite part of the brain caused when the brain rebounds and slams into the other side of the skill

swelling mass of blood leaking into brain from torn blood vessels and pressing on brain tissue

swelling of brain tissue as a consequence of fluid accumulation in response to trauma

primary brain injury--due to phsysical damage of neurons due to coup, contrcoup, hematoma and edma

compression of blood vessels due to hematoma

decreased blood supply due to tearing of blood vessels

inflammation

glutamate excitotoxity

1. concussion milder form of TBI

2. in concussion, neurons typically injured more than death

infection of the brain by microorganisms

1. viruses

2. bacteria

1. rabies

2. herpes simplex virus

3. polio

4. west nile virus

infects through animal bites and moves into cns via infected sensory nerves

infects through breaks in skin and enters cns via infected sensory nerves

infect through GI tract and move and enters cns by infecting nerves of the gut, kills motor neurons

infect through insect bite and enther cns via infected sensory nerves

1. necrosis of neuronal cels by viral lysis or bacterial toxin

2. immune system tells infected neurons to die by apoptosis

destructions of neural tissue by ingested toxis substances

1. indutrial pollution--heavy metals like mercury, lead, or arsenic

2. synthetic drugs--moto, synthetic THC, K2, spice

necrosis of neuronal cells by the toxin

inflammation--immune system may accidentally kill some neurons while cleaning out necrotic cells

glutamate excitotoxicity--some neurotoxins trigger excitotoxicity

1. increased synaptic transmission

2. increased synaptogenesis

3. increased neurogenesis in key brain regions like the hippocampus

4. rehabilitation often involves activities which increase or strengthen these

5. recovery from brain injury is a form of learning

diseases that result in the progressive destruction of neurons

1. not until late adulthood

2. progessive--get worse over time

3. no cure for them, only treat sympotoms

4. neurons typically die by apoptosis unlike other forms of brain damage

1. huntington's disease

2. alzheimer's disease

3. parkinson's disease

1. degeneration and death of neurons predominantly in the basal ganglia and cortex

2. inherited or genetic disorder

chorea, jerky movement

dementia (decision making)

anxiety, depression, blunted affect, egocentrism, and compulsive behavior

generalized and progressive brain atrophy, particularly in the cerebral cortex and basal ganglia

important in producing voluntary movement and inhibiting involuntary movement

huntington protein misfolds and creates inclusion bodies

disrupt gene expression, calcium signaling, and mitochondrial function, and may also lead to apoptotic cell death bc normal huntington inhibit apoptosis

degeneration and death of neyrons preminantly in the limbic system and cerebral cortex

unknown, but genetics, infection, head injury/TBI, high blood pressure and heart disease

cognitive--dementia, defects in attention, impaired explicit memory, language difficulties (aphasia)

emotional--depression, irritability, aggresion

implicit memory

motor--apraxia, difficulty putting together coordinating movements, danger of falling

death of cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain, important for attention

death of neurons in the medial temporal corttex and hippocampus, memory consolidation and storage

death of neurons in the prefrontal and other parts of the cortex and limbic system, working memory and emotion regulation

abnormal folding of amyloid protein with other protein called tau in neurofibrillary

degeneration and death of dopaminergic neurons within the substantia nigra

genetics, infections, pesticide/herbicide, exposure, trauma

motor--tremor of head and exptremities, rigid and difficulty producing voluntary movements, slow movements (bradykinesia)

cognitive--dementia or progressively impaired cognitive function (especially decision making)

mental--depression