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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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When was the sequencing of the human genome completed |
2007 |
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Recombinant DNA |
Nucleotide sequence is from two different sources, often two species are combined in vitro into the same DNA molecule |
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Genetic engineering |
Direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes |
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Biotechnology |
The manipulation of organisms or their genetic components to make useful products |
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Microarray |
A measurement of gene expression of thousands of different genes |
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What are two general features of laboratory cloning that are common to most methods |
The use of bacteria and their plasmids |
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Plasmid |
Small circular DNA molecules that replicates separately from the bacterial chromosome |
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What are clone the genes useful for |
Making copies of a particular gene and producing a protein product |
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Restriction enzymes |
Cut DNA molecules at specific DNA sequences called restriction sites |
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Restriction fragments |
The pieces of DNA resulting from the restriction enzymes many cuts |
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Sticky ends |
Enzymes cut DNA in a staggered way, producing fragments with and that bond with complementary ends of other fragments |
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DNA ligase |
Enzyme that seals the bonds between restriction fragments |
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Cloning vector |
The original plasmid in gene cloning, It is a DNA molecule that can carry foreign DNA into a host cell and replicate their |
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Genomic library |
Collection of recombinant factor clones produced by cloning DNA fragments from an entire genome |
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Complementary DNA (cDNA) library |
Is made by cloning DNA made in vitro by reverse transcription of all the mRNA produced by a particular cell it represents only part of the genome only the subset of genes transcribed into mRNA in the original cells |
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A clone carrying the gene of interest can be identified with |
A nucleic acid probe, having a sequence complementary to the gene, this process is called nucleic acid hybridization |
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How is this probe used and made |
Clones of the genetic material are placed on a nylon membrane and radioactively labeled probing molecules, is then pairs with the section of interest and is recorded on film |
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Southern blotting |
Combines Jell-O electrophoresis of DNA fragments with nucleic acid hybridization, It uses labeled probes that hybridized to the DNA immobilized on a blot of gel |
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Relatively short DNA fragments can be sequenced by what method |
The dideoxy chain termination method |
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Dideoxy Chain termination method |
Dideoxyrobinucleotides (ddNTP) attach to synthesized DNA strands of different lengths, Each ddNTP is tagged with a distinct fluorescent label that identifies the nucleotide at the end of each DNA fragment, the DNA sequence can be read from the resulting spectrogram |
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Northern blotting |
Can be used to test changes in expression of a gene during embryonic development, uses a reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction |
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DNA microarray assays |
Compare patterns of June expression and different issues, different times, or under different conditions |
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How can you determine gene function |
Disable the gene and observe the consequences |
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In vitro mutagenesis |
Mutations are introduced into a clone gene, altering or destroying its function |
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Totipotent cell |
One that can generate a complete new organism |
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Nuclear transplantation |
Nucleus of an unfertilized egg cell or zygote is replaced with a differentiated cell |
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How do you make the cell from nuclear transplantation have genes that are expressed appropriately for early stages of development |
Many epigenetic changes must be reversed, these changes include acetylation of histones or methylation of DNA |
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What does the use of cultured eukaryotic cells host cells and yeast artificial chromosomes as vectors help to avoid |
Gene expression problems |
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Stem cell |
Relatively unspecialized cells that can be produced self indefinitely and differentiate into specialized cells |
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Embryonic stem cell |
Stem cells isolated from early embryos of the blastocyst stage, they are able to differentiate into all cell types, |
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What is the aim of stem cell research |
Supply cells for the repair of damaged or diseased organs, many fields benefit from DNA technology and genetic engineering, |
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Single nucleotide polymorphism’s |
Useful genetic markers, when restriction enzymes are added the DNA fragments will have different lengths depending on the SNPs, this is called restriction fragment length polymorphism |
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Gene therapy |
Alteration of an afflicted individuals genes, It holds great potential for treating disorders transfer to a single defective gene, vectors, such as plasmids and viruses, are used to deliver genes to specific types of cells, gene therapy raises ethical questions |
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Transgenic animals |
Are made by introducing genes from one species into the genome of another animal, they are pharmaceutical factories |
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How can you obtain a genetic profile and how can it be used |
He can be obtained by analysis of tissue or body fluids, and can be used as evidence in criminal or paternity cases and to identify human remains |
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Short tandem repeats |
Genetic markers that Mark variations in the number of repeats of specific DNA sequences, PCR enjoy lecture for rhesus are used to amplify and then identify STRs of different lengths |
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Yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs) |
Behave normally in mitosis and can carry more DNA than a plasmid |
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Eukaryotic hosts |
Can provide the post translational modifications that many proteins require |
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Polymerase chain reaction, PCR |
Produces many copies of a specific target segment of DNA, consists of three step |
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Three steps of a polymerase chain |
Heating, cooling, and replication, this brings about a change reaction that produces and exponentially growing population of identical DNA molecules |
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What does DNA cloning allow researchers to do |
Comparing genes and alleles between individuals, locate gene expression in a body, determine the role of a gene in an organism |
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What are some techniques them are used to analyze the DNA of genes |
Gel electrophoresis, restriction fragment analysis, and southern blotting, DNA sequencing |
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Gel electrophoresis |
In indirect method of rapidly analyzing and comparing genomes, this technique uses a gel as a molecular sieve two separate nucleic acid‘s are proteins by size, a current is applied that causes charged molecules to move through the gel, molecules are sorted into bands by their size |
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Restriction fragment analysis |
DNA fragments produced by restriction enzyme digestion of a DNA molecule are sorted by gel electrophoresis, this is useful for comparing two different DNA molecules, such as two alleles for a gene |
