Bio261 Lecture 26 Q's- Female Reproductive System

-Wolffian ducts

-Mullerian ducts

-Fordevelopment of male accessory sex organs, the developing embryo must be producingtestosterone, also the Sertoli cells need to secrete MIF to cause the re-absorption of themullerian ducts.

-The female accessory organs do not require anything from the fetus -just the absence of testosterone.

-After puberty untilmenopause (around age 50).

-A primary follicle is an ovum surrounded by a layer of granulosa cells.The ovum is one of the germ cells and in the primary follicle stage is still diploid, it is arrested inthe first meiotic division.

- Primary follicles are found in the ovaries.

- FSH (Follicle stimulating hormone)

-FSH is secreted from the anterior pituitary gland.

- Estrogen is produced from the granulosa cells that surround thedeveloping follicles

-no

-yes

-The follicular phase and the luteal phase. W

- Between the follicular phase and the luteal phase, after the "LH surge".

-In the follicular phase, estrogen levels are rising asmore and more granulosa cells are being produced, this increased level will cause the LH surge.

-In the luteal phase, estrogen also rises, but not to the extent that progesterone rises.

-The luteal phase.

- Low levels of estrogen inhibit both LH andFSH (although inhibin is the primary inhibitor of FSH), high levels of estrogen have the oppositeeffects - the higher levels of estrogen are responsible for the LH surge (and the smaller FSHsurge).

- A spike or "surge" of LH released into the bloodstream causes ovulation.

- The remaining cellsof the graffian follicle after the ovum is released become the corpus luteum. (After ovulation, theremaining follicles with ovum still within them undergo atresia (degradation) - these degradedfollicles are called atretic follicles).

-Primarily secretes progesterone, but also secretesestrogen.

- Progesterone will inhibit both the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary so that no GnRH or FSH or LH are released (negativefeedback on both structures.)

- The ovulated ovum normally is swept into the oviduct(fallopian tube) by the cilia on the fimbriae.

- Fertilizationusually occurs in the first part of the oviduct.

-The corpus luteum will shrink and begin to degrade (at which point it is referredto as the corpus albicans) and it will eventually dissolve

-As the corpus luteum degrades it stops producing progesterone and estrogen, which allows the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary to re-start secretion of FSH and LH and repeat the entire ovarian cycle.

- When fertilized, the ovum secretes hCG, which will help maintain the corpus luteum.

- Since the corpus luteum is intact andmaintained, both the progesterone and estrogen levels stay elevated.

-Menstrual, proliferative and secretory

-Estrogen causes a new growth of endometriallining to form.

-Progesterone causesthe endometrial lining to become thick, vascular and spongy - ready for implantation

- hCG - humanchorionic gonadotropin hormone.

-The blastocyst will actually startsecreting hCG by about the fourth to sixth day after fertilization, however, it takes about a monthbefore enough has been produced that it can be detected in the blood or in the urine. (This is thehormone which is tested for in all pregnancy tests).

- It is produced by theblastocyst.

-It prevents the corpus luteum fromdegrading.

- Progesterone and estrogen

-The progesterone will prevent the hypothalamus/anterior pituitary from secreting FSH and LHthus preventing follicle (egg) formation and ovulation, the presence of the estrogen allows forcontinued replacement of the endometrial lining.

-No

-The chorionfrondosum

-The stretch of the cervix as the fetusdrops into the "birth channel".

- The release of oxytocin from the posteriorpituitary

- Oxytocin will cause smoothmuscle contraction around the mammary ducts, that allows for milk ejection or "let down".

-A new born's immune system is not, andwill not, develop until about age 1- 1.5 years old. The fetus will receive IgG antibodies across theplacenta in utero, then can continue to receive IgA antibodies which are secreted into the mothers milk, that will help the new born to passively fight pathogens until his/her immune systemdevelops.

-the gonads

-produce female gametes (ova) in ovarian cycle

-located in ovaries

-passageway where the ova travel to reach the uterus

-extensions of fallopian tubes that cover each ovary

-the cilia of its lining draw in ovulated eggs

-outer layer of connective tissue in uterus

-the middle layer of smooth muscle in uterus

-the hormonally-responsive inner epithelial layer that is shed during menstruation in uterus

-the time the baby is growing in the uterus (10 months of pregnancy)

-immature egg cells

-diploid cells w/ 46 chromosomes

-oogonia towards the end of gestation; begin meiosis but arrest in prophase I

-contain primary oocytes

-further developed primary follicles; contain vesicles

-fluid filled cavity of the follicle

-a follicle once it has formed an antrum

-ring of granulosa cells that enclose secondary oocyte

-gelatinous layer b/n oocyte & radiata; form barrier to sperm penetration and contains receptors to recognize sperm as same species

-produce androgens like Testosterone; T moves where granulosa cells are to convert it into E w/aromatase enzyme

-follicles that degenerate after 10-14 days after menstruation

-helps w/shedding of endometrial lining

-follicle formed from LH; secretes progesterone & estrogen to prevent endometrium from shedding

-Progesterone causes the endometrial lining to become thick, vascular and spongy - ready for implantation

-inhibits both the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary so that no GnRH or FSH or LH are released

-formed if corpus luteum is not fertilized

-non-functional remnant

-about 28 days

-the continuous shedding and rebuilding of the endometrium

-days 1 thru ovulation; in the ovaries

-follicles are growing and preparing to release egg

-time from ovulation to menstruation of the menstrual cycle; in the ovaries

-corpus luteum is formed

-results from drop in P& E following low CL degeneration

-low P causes constriction of spiral arteries

-Blood flow stops, causing necrosis & sloughing of endometrium

-endometrial lining is sloughed off

-occurs during follicular phase; E levels increase

-E stimulates growth of endometrial lining

-E causes cervical mucus to become thin & watery to allow sperm penetration

-AKA progestational phase

-occurs during luteal phase; endometrium becomes ready for implantation

-P&E cause endometrium to become thick, vascular & spongy

-P causes cervical mucus to thicken & become sticky

-pills usually contain synthetic E & P taken daily for 3 weeks after menstrual period

-mimic CL so that negative feedback inhibits ovulation

-Placebo pills are taken in 4th week to permit menstruation

-when ova are no longer produced

-normally occurs in fallopian tubes

-freshly ejaculated sperm must spend more than 7 hours in female reproductive tract to be fertile

-when sperm reach the zona pellucida, ZP3 receptors recognize it as the right species

-the zona pellucida is then changed and allows penetration of that sperm but not of any other sperm

-a hollow ball of cells

-interior contains inner cell mass destined to become fetus

-outer cells are trophoblastic cells

-CL survives & pregnancy maintained b/c blastocyst secretes hCG before implantation

-similar to LH & keeps CL from degenerating

-forms villi that grow into cavities producing chorion frondosum on uterine wall side

-secretes enzymes that create blood-filled cavities in maternal tissue (endometrium) and generates activity where mom's blood fills the cavity

-contain's the baby's blood; formed by cytotrophoblasts

-medical term for labor

-increased levels contract myoepithelial cells surrounding alveoli to eject milk

-hold milk

-leave the mammary glands and carry milk to the nipple