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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Biochemistry |
The science concerned with the chemistry of biological processes. The study of life at the molecular level. |
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Cells |
Basic structural units of a living organism. are highly organized and constant source of energy is required to maintain the ordered state. |
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Membranes |
Composed of protein and phospholipid, separate aqueous compartments. |
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Amino acids |
Building blocks of proteins. 20 commonly occurring. Contain amino group and carboxyl group. R group (side chain) determines the chemical properties of each amino acid. |
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Sugars |
Carbs. Most abundant organic molecules in nature. Basic unit is monosaccharide. Store energy in the form of starch. Provide energy. |
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Fatty Acids |
Monocarboxylic acids. Contain even numbers of C atoms. Saturated is single bond. Unsaturated has double bonds. Components of several lipid molecules. |
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Metabolism |
Total sum of a chemical reaction happening in a living organism. Anabolism and catabolism. |
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Anabolism |
energy requiring biosynthetic pathways. |
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Catabolism |
Degradation of fuel molecules and the production of energy for cellular function. |
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Nucleophilic Substitution |
One atom of group is substituted for another. |
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Elimination reactions |
Double bond is formed when atoms in a molecule are removed. |
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Addition reaction |
Two molecules combine to form a single product. Hydration reactions. |
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Isomerization reactions |
Involve intramolecular shift of atoms or groups. |
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Redox reactions |
transfer of electrons from a donor to an electron acceptor. |
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Hydrolysis reactions |
Cleavage of double bond by water. |
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Life uses (BLANK) to drive otherwise unfavourable reactions |
Chemical Coupling |
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Life uses (BLANK) to speed up otherwise slow reactions |
Enzymes |
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How do complex structures of cells maintain a high internal order. (1-4) |
1. synthesis of bio-molecules 2. transport across membranes 3. cell movement 4. waste removal. |
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6 abundant elements found in living cells are |
CHNOPS (CHuck NOrris Plays Savagely) |
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Stereochemistry |
Geometric isomers. Configuration is restricted by a double bond. Have same bonds and atoms, just different configurations around a chiral center. Enantoimers, diastereomers. Differ in biological activity, because they fold differently (different molecular structures) |
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Enantiomers |
mirror images |
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Diastereomers |
Stereoisomers that are not mirror images. |
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Cohesion |
Refers to water's attraction to other water molecules. responsible for surface tension |
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Adhesion |
Refers to water's attraction to other substances. It is adhesive to any substance with which it can form hydrogen bonds. Adhesion to hydrophilic not hydrophobic. |
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Water physical chemistry |
High specific heat capacity. High heat of vaporization. |
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Polar nature of water |
Water is a polar molecule with a dipole moment. net charge on oxygen is -0.66, and on each hydrogen it is +0.33 |
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Hydrogen Bonding |
H-Bonds are weak non covalent interactions. water is both a hydrogen donor and acceptor. Water can form up to 4 h-bonds (1/hydrogen, 2/oxygen) |
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Electronegativity |
A measure of the force of an atoms attraction for electrons it shares in a chemical bond with another atom. |
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Nonpolar |
No electronegativity difference between two atoms. |
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polar Covalent bond |
A small electronegative difference between atoms. |
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Ionic Bond |
A large electronegativity difference between atoms |
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Mole |
6.023 x 10^23 |
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pH |
-log(H+) |
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Henderson Hasselbach Equation |
pH = pKa + log(A-/HA) |
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Buffers |
A weak acid plus its conjugate base that cause a solution to resist changes in pH when an acid or base is added. |
