Biochem Cumulative Final Exam

Which molecule is involved in the major step for the production of superoxide in the mitochondrial electrontransport chain?

The AB-sites (antigen reactive sites) are located on which of the following portions of the immunoglobulin chains?

What hormone is excreted from the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla?

The protein that is defective in cystic fibrosis normally functions as:

If AUG is the codon for methionine, which sequences of bases (or theiranalogs) might be expected to be found somewhere on methionyl-tRNA?

Provides structural rigidity to the plasma membrane:

What are the complementary base pairs in DNA?

What is the most reactive form of oxygen?

Glycogen breakdown in which of the following tissues can be used to support blood glucose levels during periods offasting?

NADPH is a two electron donor. Heme can only accept one electron. How is this accommodated in the microsomal electron transport chain?

The enzyme which catalyzes the entrance of acetyl CoA into the Krebs cycle is

What generates NADPH?

From what electron donor may the second electron that enters the microsomal cytochrome P450 cycle come?

True or False? AUG is a initiation codon.

The alpha helix structure of a protein can be considered an example of:

Synthesis of the leading strand at the replication fork is carried out by ________________.

During heavy exercise, the Cori Cycle employs the gluconeogenic pathway in the liver and the glycolytic pathwayin muscle. The major metabolites transported by blood to connect these pathways are ___________ and __________________.

Lactase catalyzes _________ + _______________.

A competitive inhibitor competes _______________________________________.

Which process is NOT increased in the presence of insulin?

Which enzymes in the tricarboxylic acid cycle requires the same set of cofactors or coenzymes as the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex?

A 25 year old, healthy male has begun a treadmill exercise program. He has set the treadmill to a fast pace and hasbegun to run. As his physical activity continues for several minutes his heart rate would be expected to increase andthe levels of _______________ would be expected to rise significantly in his blood.

True or False? Synthesis of glucose from alanine does not occur in muscle.

Most nutrients are absorbed in the ____________.

An important function of high density lipoproteins (HDL) is the __________________.

Part of the structure of collagen consists of _________________.

True or False? Thiamine pyrophosphate is a component of the electron transport chain of the mitochondria.

The electron transport chain of mitochondria is specifically located in the ___________________.

The major nitrogenous product excreted in the urine is:

Why do type II diabetics generally not develop ketoacidosis?

Niemann Pick disease results from a deficiency of...

Okazaki fragments are associated with...

The heme group of myoglobin...

When is hepatic glycogenolysis a primary source of blood glucose?

Southern blots are used to analyze DNA that has been fractionated based on difference in...

Chemical damage to nuclear DNA from exposure to a mutagenic agent is most dangerous when:

The iron in the cytochromes function in biological systems by:

Endocrine, paracrine, neuronal, and contact-dependent are all forms of:

The synthesis of RNA complementary to one strand of the DNA is termed:

What is the main function of beta-oxidation?

The most serious consequence of failure of the urea cycle is:

Frameshift mutations are possible because of...

Two vitamins important in beta-oxidation are:

The nucleotide sequence 5'-ATTGCAG-3' should base pair with _____________________.

The iron in the cytochromes function in biological systems by _____________ and ______________.

What type of signaling are steroids and polypeptides involved in?

The TATA box is bound by _______________.

Endocrine, paracrine, neuronal, and contact-dependent are all forms of ______________ ___________.

True or False? A characteristic of hormones is that they are considered to be secondary messengers.

A common intermediate in the biosynthesis of both purine and pyrimidine nucleotides is __________________ _____________________.

In pyrimidine biosynthesis, the carbon atoms in the pyridmidine ring are supplied by ____________

and ______________.

True or False? The coenzyme biotin is NOT required for the activity of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.

The surface of a lipoprotein synch as chylomicron or very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) is composed chiefly of _________________.

The main organism responsible for keeping the blood glucose level stead between meals by making glucose via gluconeogenesis is the ________________.

Very low density serum lipoproteins transport...

True or False? Lipoproteins are covalent complexes of lipids and proteins.

Chylomicrons:

Carbon monoxide is toxic because:

What is the main carrier for the transport of digested fat?

True or False? Lipid bilayer membranes can rotate end-over-end (flip flop) easily.

How does the cell maintain a higher level of K+ than of Na+?

The stop codon(s) for protein synthesis are:

A condition which favors increased ketone body synthesis is:

The enzymes responsible for the degradation of sphingolipids are localized in which subcellular structure?

DNA synthesis is called:

The substrate for the committed step in glycolysis is ___________________.

A major control point of the Krebs cycle is exerted at the level of ____________ ________________.

How many amino acids would the following eukaryotic mRNA encode? 5'-cap-AGCUACCGUAUGCAUGAUAAAGUGACCAUGCUGACAUGAUAAUAGGAG-3'poly (A)?

True or False? 2 beta and 2 delta chains are part of the hemoglobin molecule.

Which enzyme does amino acid degradation rely on?

Pyridoxal phosphate is involved in what type of reaction?

A repressor attachment site is a _____________ __________________.

The result of a (an)________ reaction is that energy is released. Energy must be added to a (an) _______________ reaction to proceed.

What is ubiquitin involved in?

Which amino acid is considered the most polar?

What happens when cAMP binds to catabolite activator protein (CAP)?

The nucleotide intermediate common to the synthesis of all the pyrimidine mono nucleotides is:

What substance binds to the lac repressor?

Catalysts that change the rate of reactions are what category of physiological proteins?

Which component of the system for protein synthesis actually translates the nucleotide code to an amino acid code?

Histones are:

True or False? Aspartic acid is not a product of pyrimidine degradation.

Protein modification which changes enzyme activity in a non-reversible manner is:

The protein that is defective in cystic fibrosis normally functions as:

An amino acid found in large amounts in collagen is _____________.

Primary sequencing of proteins are determined mainly by _______________ ________________.

Transposition is

The excretion of ammonia in urine results directly from action of the enzyme _____________.

The lac repressor protein from E. Coli:

____________ nucleic base does not have a KETO group.

Substances that bind with domain sites and alter the activity of regularity enzymes are called ____________ ______________ or ______________.

True or False? NADH is formed in the pentose phosphate pathway.

When is hepatic glycogenolysis a primary source of blood glucose?

An enzyme present in saliva which hydrolyzes starch to produce free maltose is _____________.

Glycogen in muscle:

Amino acids from muscle breakdown provide the chief substrate for which metabolic process?

What makes hyaluronic acid different from the other proteoglycans?

The effects of insulin on glucose uptake by muscle tissues is most directly opposed to by ____________.

Which two cell types are NOT dependent on insulin for glucose transport?

What regulatory hormone stimulates liver glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis?

Cellulose is not digested by humans because:

Cyanide is toxic because it inhibits _____________

________________.

What is the principal physiological function of bile salts?

The net products of anaerobic glycolysis are _________ and __________.

A rise in blood glucose triggers the release of ____________ hormone.

The largest amount of glycogen in humans is stored in __________.

True or False? Glycogen to glucose conversion utilizes the intermediate UDP-glucose.

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase catalyzes the first step in the ___________________________ pathway.

In what part of the cell does the electron transport chain take place?

The substrate normally utilized as the major

energy source in the brain is _____________.

Which type of reaction BEST characterizes the process of digestion?

The major site for digestion of dietary fats is the ____________ _______________.

True or False? The formation of citrate from oxaloacetate in the Krebs cycle is not physiologically reversible.

How many ATP are required for the reaction through lactic acid is converted into glucose in the liver?

Sucrose is composed of _________ and _____________.

True or False? Only the liver is available for blood sugar maintenance.

The substrate for the committed step in glycolysis is _________________.

The TCA cycle is initiated by the condensation of ________________ and ____________________.

Bile salts are stored in the ________________.

Which hormones cause the liver to break down glycogen and carry out gluconeogenesis?

Blood glucose levels cannot by increased by muscle glycogen degradation because muscle lacks __________________.

Most nutrients are absorbed in the _____________.

The glucose-alanine cycle serves to:

The enzyme which catalyzes the entrance of acetyl-CoA into the Krebs Cycle?

The hormone ____________ works primarily in the muscle.

The hormone __________ works primarily in the liver.

In the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex...

True or False? Pepsin helps to digest protein in the small intestine.

The TCA cycle does not occur in which cells of your body?

The main organ that is responsible for keeping blood glucose levels steady between meals by making glucose via gluconeogenesis is the ___________.

Which hormone has the primary responsibility for directing energy metabolism in the fed state?

Which of the following compounds should be eliminated from the diet of a patient suffering from galactosemia?

What hormone is excreted from the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla?

What is considered to be a major regulatory control point of the Krebs Cycle?

When simple compounds are combined into larger more complex molecules the reaction is considered:

Which hormone triggers the muscle to breakdown glycogen and carry out glycolysis?

The beta-oxidation of fatty acids:

Enzymes for the synthesis of oleic acid from palmitic are located in the ________________

________________.

De novo fatty acid synthesis occurs in the ___________________.

What apoproteins serves as a cofactor (activator) for lecithin: cholesterol (LCAT)?

True or False? Linoleic fatty acid is synthesized in humans.

Fatty oxidation is a major source of energy in many tissues EXCEPT the ______________.

In humans, fatty acids...

Membrane fluidity:

Citrate regulates fatty acid metabolism by:

What is not a lipid type found in the membrane?

Lipids are most efficient forms of biologically stored energy because they are:

The coenzyme involved in the synthesis of malonyl-CoA from acetyl-CoA is ______________.

The function of fatty acytl-CoA dehydrogenase of beta-oxidation is most similar to that of ___________________ __________________.

The principal apoprotein in LDL is:

Which phospholipid would migrate closer to the "+" plus electrode in an electrophoresis gel cell at the pH of 7?

Which lipoprotein possesses the highest concentration of protein?

An important function of high density lipoproteins (HDL) is the:

A ceramide is composed of _____________ and _________________.

True or False? Chylomicrons are synthesized in the liver.

True or False? Alpha-keto-glutarate is NOT a ketone body.

During biosynthesis of saturated fatty acids, the addition of every two-carbon unit requires?

Lipoprotein lipase is found in ______________.

Transfer of cholesterol from membranes to HDL requires ________ ______________ _______________.

For transport across the inner mitochondrial membrane, long chain fatty acids are attached to ____________.

__________ ___________ biosynthesis does not occur in the mitochondria.

Cholesterol is metabolized in the mammalian body primarily by conversion to ____________

____________.

Most of the triglyceride in serum is contained in __________ and ______________.

The lipoproteins made de novo in the intestine or liver and secreted into the bloodstream are ___________, ________________ and _____________.

What is the main function of beta-oxidation?

Chylomicrons mainly carry _____________.

The major site of formation and release of acetoacetate is ____________.

The steps of beta-oxidation parallel portions of:

In the metabolism of cholesterol in the human:

A condition that favors increased ketone body synthesis is :

The mobilization of fat from adipose tissue requires the enzymatic activity of _________________

__________________.

Differences in bilayer fluidity among human cell membranes are due to:

What is the rate limiting step in the conversion of triglyceride to free fatty acid in adipose tissue?

Very low density serum lipoproteins transport:

In the cell, squalene is...