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100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
structure of biological wax
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fatty acid + long chain alcohol
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properties of biological wax
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higher melting temp, metabolic fuel, water repelling, firm at room temp
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function of biological wax
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used in lotion, ointment, polish, molds for creating dental appliances
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4 primary role of sterols
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structural lipids in membranes (cholesterol), hormones (sex steroids, glucocorticosteroids), emulsifiers or detergents (bile acids in digestion), cardiac glycosides (digoxin, digitoxin, ouabain)
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The 4 Fat soluble vitamins:
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A, D, E, K
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Which Vitamin's active form is 1, 25 dihydroxycholecalciferol. Functions as a HORMONE for the maintenance of bones and teeth
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Vitamin D
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Which Vitamin has 2 functions:1. hormone (retinoic acid)- controls gene expression through nuclear receptors acting on transcription 2. visual pigment (11-cis-retinal)- light absorption in retina where it undergoes light induced isomerization to all -trans-retinal.
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Vitamin A
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Which vitamin is an antioxidant- reacts with and destroys free radicals
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Vitamin E
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Which vitamin is a co-factor in blood clotting, activation of prothrombin
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Vitamin K
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What does Warfarin or Coumadin do?
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Anti-coagulant (blocks blood clotting)- blocks activation of prothrombin. (b/c is a structural analog of vitamin K)
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Glycerophospholipid (aka phosphoglyceride) Structure
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Large polar head group enables them to organize into sheets with polar head groups facing ( and interacting with) water and hydrophobic hydrocarbon chains interacting with each other in a layer sequestered from water.
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Another name for lecithin
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phosphatidylcholine
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Structure of cardiolipin
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large lipid head group (phosphatodiylglycerol).Found in mitochondrial membranes.
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Sphingomyelin and glycolipids are examples of:
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sphingolipids
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Glucosylcerebroside
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precursoor for synthesis of globosides and gangliosides
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Gangliosides carry net (negative/positive) charges
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negative
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globoside
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shiga toxin and verotoxin I bind to it specifically on the surface of cells
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gangliosides
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cholera toxin, tetanus, and botulinum neurotoxins bind to it
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Ganglioside deposits cause:
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up-regulation of genes related to inflammation in microglial cells (phagocytic immune cells of CNS), resulting in massive neuronal cell death
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Fxn of Genz-112638:
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Inhibit glucosylceramide synthase--> reduce synthesis of glucosylcerebroside--> reduce globoside and gangliosides. Possible treatment for Tay-Sachs, Gaucher's disease (lysosomal storage diseases).
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Lipid bilayers cause (increase/decrease) in entropy
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Cause an INCREASE in entropy due to release of water from hydrocarbon tails of phospholipids and sphingolipids
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3 Noncovalent interactions in lipid bilayer membranes:
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1. Van der Waals b/w hydrocarbon chains 2. H-bonding b/w polar head groups and water 3. electrostatic b/w (+) charged amino groups and (-) charged phosphate groups
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3 Proteins that facilitate transverse diffusion("flip flop") by acting as lipid transporters or pumps:
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1. flippase (outer to cytosol) 2. floppase (cytosol to outer) 3. scramblase (either direction towards equilibrium)
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Longer hydrocarbon chains cause (increase/decrease) in viscosity and (raise/lower) phase transition temp
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INCREASE in viscosity (aka a decrease in fluidity) and RAISE phase transition temp.
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Cis unsaturated bonds prevent tight packing of lipids which (increase/decrease) viscosity and (lower/highers) melting/freezing temp.
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DECREASE viscosity ( because are increasing fluidity) and LOWERS melt/freeze temp
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Cholesterol intercalates b/w membrane lipids (particularly sphingolipids) and (reduces/increases) both flexion of chains and their lateral mobility, resulting in (higher/lower) viscosity and (increase/decreased) membrane thickness
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Cholesterol REDUCES both flexion of chains and their lateral mobility, resulting in HIGHER viscosity and INCREASED membrane thickness.
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Cholesterol (higher/lowers) melting freezing temp.
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Cholesterol LOWERS melting/freezing temp b/c it prevents hydrocarbon chains from packing tightly together
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Phosphatidylcholine and sphingolipids( sphingomyelin and glycolipids) are concentrated in the (extracellular/cytoplasmic) face of plasma membranes
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EXTRACELLULAR. This is a result of their mode of synthesis, where carb or phosphocholine head groups are attached to a ceramide precursor in the lumen of the Golgi complex
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Phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, and phosphatidylinositol are found mostly in the (extracellular/cytoplasmic) face of plasma membranes
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CYTOPLASMIC
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The alkenyl ether linkage in this type of lipid makes them a major membrane component of heart cells to protect against reactive oxygen species:
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Plasmalogen
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This is an ether lipid with important signaling fxns in platelet aggregation, inflammation and allergic response. Has significant water solubility.
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Platelet activating factor
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Type O antigen has a___ on it's terminal end
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Type O has NOTHING on it's terminal end. That is why it's the "universal" donor
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Type A antigen has a _____ on its terminal end.
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N-acetyl galactosamine (GalNAc)
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Type B antigen has a _____on its terminal end
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galactose
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ABO blood group antigens are specific oligosaccharide structures found where:
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in glycolipids ( globosides) and glycoproteins
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Glycosidase enzyme fxn:
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remove terminal GalNAc or Galactose from A or B antigens to convert them to "universal donor" O types
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A group of specialized glycolipids serve as a major component of outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria. Act as endotoxins.
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LPS (bacterial lipopolysaccharide)
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Bacterial lipopolysaccharides trigger (pro/anti) inflammatory signaling cascades I the immune system
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Triggers PRO-inflammatory signaling of secretion of cytokines and generation of nitric oxide causing pathogenic responses like sepsis, toxic shock syndrome, adult respiratory distress syndrome, multiple organ failure syndrome
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This type of protein can be ONLY be removed from membranes under conditions that disrupt membrane structure (ex. Using detergents)
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Integral membrane proteins
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This type of protein associated with membrane through protein-protein interactions and can be removed by altering the ionic conditions (ex. With high salt, low pH, or chelators of divalent cations)
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Peripheral membrane proteins
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(Integral/peripheral) proteins are transmembrane proteins that traverse membranes through hydrophobic alpha helices or beta barrel structures
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Integral
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This test is used to predict the presence of membrane spanning alpha-helical domains in protein sequences
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Hydropathy plot (plots of hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity over length of protein sequence). DOES NOT predict Beta-barrel structures
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These associateintegral membrane proteins with the membrane. Examples include myristoyl group, palmitoyl group, isoprenyl group (farnesyl or geranylgeranyl) and GPI anchor.
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Lipid anchors
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Sugars attached to Ser or Thr residues and added stepwise, directly to amino acid in lumen of Golgi complex are (O-linked/N-linked) glycoproteins
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O-linked
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Mannose-rich oligosacchardie transferred in the ER from a dolichol carrier to Asn residues; carb further modified in both the ER and golgi apparatus. Is an (O-linked/N-linked) glycoprotein?
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N-linked
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Proteoglycans have (short/long), (branched/unbranched), glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains attached to ____ residues through a trisaccharide "bridge"
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Proteoglycans have LONG, UNBRANCHED glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains (repeating disaccharide copolymers) attached to Ser residues through a trisaccharide "bridge"
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Typical glycoproteins have relatively (small/large), often (branched/unbranched) oligosaccharde chains
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Typical glycoproteins have relatively SMALL, often BRANCHED, oligosaccharide chains
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A single pass transmembrane glycoprotein from red blood cells
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Glycophorin
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Glycosaminoglycan covalently attached to a membrane or secreted protein
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Proteglycan
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Proteoglycans are major components of what types of tissues?
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cartilage and connective tissue
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The ___ domains of _______ in proteoglycans are important in binding to other proteins.
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The S domains of HEPARAN SULFATE in proteglycans are important in binding to other proteins.
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These induce a conformation change in proteins leading to altered activity, bring diff proteins into close proximity and thereby enhance their interaction, or simply concentrate a protein at a site where it is needed.
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S domains of Heparan sulfate
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This suppresses cancer metastasis through heparin-sulfate dependent inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases
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Syndecan
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These have disulfide bonds between Cys residues and regulate heparin-binding growth factor activities and play an important role in embryonic development. When dysregulated,can lead to carcinogenesis (cause cancer)
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Glypicans
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These form the cell walls of bacteria
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Peptidoglycans
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Linear polysaccharide chains cross-linked by short peptides from the structures of…
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peptidoglycans. Which form cell walls of bacteria.
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This enzyme hydrolyzes bonds in the polysaccharide chain (aka glycosidic bond), which means it can mediate bacterial lysis
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Lysozyme
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What enzyme is responsible for making peptide cross links
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transpeptidases
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What types of antibiotics inhibit transpeptidases that are responsible for making peptide cross-links
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beta-lactam antibiotics
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2 examples of beta-lactam antibiotics
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penicillin and ampicillin. Also cephalosporin.
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What is a network of cross-linked proteins that determines cell shape, stabilizes membrane against deformation, and limits movement of integral membrane proteins
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Cytoskeleton
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What part of the cytoskeleton provides the "tracks" for directed mvmt of "cargo" including proteins, vesicles, oragnelles and other filaments?
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microtubules
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This protein in cytoskeleton polymerizes in asymmetrical helical arrays to form microfilaments and works with myosin to contract cells and muscle fibers
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actin
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This heterodimer in cytoskeleton is made of alpha and beta subunits that form long tubes (microtubules)
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Tubulin
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These proteins of the cytoskeleton form longer filaments in more permanent structures in tissues and are the principal proteins of nonliving tissues like skin and hair
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intermediate filament proteins
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This cytoskeletal protein lines the intracellular side of plasma membrane for maintenance of membraine integrity and cytoskeletal structure
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spectrin
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Membrane rafts are regions of membrane enriched in ____ and ______ that concentrate certain proteins (and exclude others), thus affecting interactions among membrane proteins
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sphingolipids, cholesterol
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Membrane rafts are important because ____
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they concentrate potentially interacting proteins
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_____ bind to extracellular matrix materials and to I-CAMs on other cells
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Integrins
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_____bind to cadherins in "homotypic or homophilic" interactions
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Cadherins
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_____ bind to N-CAMs
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N-CAMs
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_____bind to specific oligosaccharide structures (in tyrosine -sulfated glycoprotein ligands)
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Selectins
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In leukocyte recruitment, ______ mediate a weak "rolling" adhesion that slows leukocytes down , and _____ provide more stable interaction that allows leukocytes to adhere to endothelial cells and migrate through capillary wall into site of inflammation
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selectins, integrins
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____ and ____ are involved in recruitment of lymphocytes to sites of infection or injury
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selectins and integrins
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Adhesion proteins are transmembrane proteins that provide a link between ___ and ____
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cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix
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These interact with integrins on leukocyte surfaces to trap leukocytes at inflammation sites
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ICAMs
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Membranes are impermeable to (charged/uncharged) molecules and to (large/small and charged/uncharge)d polar molecules
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charged, large and uncharged
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Membranes are permeable to (hydrophilic/hydrophobic) molecules, molecular gases and small uncharged polar molecules
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hydrophobic
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As membrane-bound vesicles bud from or fuse to organelles, the "sidedness" of the membrane (stays the same/changes)
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stays the same ( aka cytoplasmic facing layer remains facing the cytoplasm while the luminal facing remains facing the lumen)
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Protein-mediated diffusion provides (hydrophobic/hydrophili) transmembrane passage
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hydrophilic
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This type of transport is saturable (trasnport velocity increases to plateau as solute concentration is increased)
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Carrier-mediated
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This type of transport increases linearly with solute concentration
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Channel-mediated
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Ampiphipathic transmembrane helices are helices with (hydrophobic/hydrophilic) side chains on one side and (polar/nonpolar) side chains on the other
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hydrophobic, polar
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Name an example of carrier-mediated trasnport
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Glucose transporters
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How many types of human glucose transporters are there?
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12 (Glut1-12)
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What type of glucose transporter is in fat and muscle cells?
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Glut 4
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What regulates Glut 4 (glucose trasnporter)?
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Insulin
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What promotes fusion of vesicles containing Glut4 transporters in their membranes with the plasma membrane, thus rapidly increasing concentration of transporters at cell surface
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insulin
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Insulin leads to rapid (uptake/outtake) of glucose (into/out) of cells and (increase/reduction) of blood glucose levels
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uptake, into, reduction
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What type of channels do neurotoxins often target?
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ion channels
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In (primary/secondary) active transport, ATP hydrolysis is directly involved in transport process to provide energy
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primary
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In (primary/seondary) active transport, use co-transport systems that use energy stored in sodium or proton electrochemical gradients
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secondary
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Name 2 examples of secondary active transport systems:
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1. sodium symport system 2. Sodium/Calcium Antiport
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Sodium symport system transports sodium ions and ____ or____ from small intestine into cells lining the intestine
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glucose, amino acids
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What type of secondary active transport systems transports calcium ions out of heart cells as sodium ions are allowed to enter cells
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Sodium/calcium antiport
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Na+-K+ ATPase is a __-type ATPase which is a primary active transporter that pumps how many Na+ ions out and how many K + ions into the cell?
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P-type ATPase. Pumps 3 Na+ out and 2 K+ in
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What inhibits Na+-K+ATPase?
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Ouabain & Vanadate (analog of phosphate so will inhibit all P-type ATPases)
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In heart, if you block Na+-K+ATPase it (reduce/increases) function of the sodium-calcium antiport
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reduces fxn by lowering electrochemical gradiient of sodium ions, thus increasing cytoplasmic concentration of calcium ions
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If have increased cytoplasmic concentration of calcium in the heart, you will have (stronger/weaker) heart contractions?
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stronger. Drug Vanadate does this by blocking Na+-K+ATPase so can reduce sodium-calcium antiport
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Use this organic solvent to extract lipids from more hydrophilic cell components such as proteins, carbs, nucleic acis, and their low molecular weight precursors
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chloroform
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