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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Metabolism in Mitochondria
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Fatty acid oxidation (Beta-oxidation), acetyl-CoA production, Krebs cycles
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Metabolism in Cytoplasm
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Glycolysis, fatty acid synthesis, HMP shunt, protein synthesis (RER), steroid synthesis (SER)
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Metabolism in Both
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Gluconeogenesis, urea cycle, heme synthesis
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Glucose --> G6P, an irreversible regulatory step in glycolysis is catalyzed by which enyzme?
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glucokinase/hexokinase
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Fructose 6-phosphate --> F1,6BP, an irreversible regulatory step in glycolysis is catalyzed by which enyzme?
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Phosphofructokinase (PFK)
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Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) --> pyruvate, an irreversible regulatory step in glycolysis is catalyzed by which enyzme?
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pyruvate kinase
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Acetyl CoA --> Citrate, an irreversible regulatory step in the TCA cycle is catalyzed by which enyzme?
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citrate synthase
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a-ketoglutarate -> succinate, an irreversible regulatory step in the TCA cycle is catalyzed by which enyzme?
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a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
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How many ATP are produced from one glucose molecule in anaerobic glycolysis?
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2 ATP produced
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How many ATP are produced from one glucose molecule in aerobic metabolism?
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38ATP from malate shuttle - 36 ATP from Glucose 3 phosphate shuttle
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Activated Carriers
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Phosphoryl (ATP), Electrons (NADH, NADPH, FADH2), Acyl (Coenzyme A, lipoamide), CO2 (Biotin), 1-Carbon unit (tetrahydrofolates), CH3 groups (SAM), Aldehydes (TPP)
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S-adenosyl-methionine (SAM) structure, mechansim, dependent on what?
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ATP + methionine --> SAM, SAM transfer methly units, dependent on Vit B12
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Universal electron acceptors
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Nicotinamide (NAD+, NADP+) and flavin nucleotides (FAD+)
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NAD+ function.
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used in catabolic processes to carry reducing equivalents away as NADH
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NADPH function.
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used in anabolic processes (steroid and fatty acid synthesis) as a supply of reducing equivalents, respiratory burst, and P-450
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What is the product of the hexose monophospate shunt (HMP)?
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NADPH used in anabolic processes (steroid and fatty acid synthesis) and ribose 5-phosphate for nucleotide synthesis
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Where is hexokinase found?
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ubiquitous
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What are the kinetic characteristics of hexokinase in relation to glucose?
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high affinity, low capacity
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What product inhibits hexokinase?
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Glucose 6-Phosphate
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Where does one find glucokinase?
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in the liver
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What are the kinetic characteristics of glucokinase in relation to glucose?
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low affinity, high capacity
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Where does glycolysis occur in the cell?
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Cytoplasm
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Which enzyme is activated in the fasting state converting fructose-6-phosphate to fructose 2,6-bisphosphate?
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PFK2
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Which enzyme is activated in the fed state converting fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase to fructose 6-phosphatate?
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fructose bisphosphatate-2
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What molecule is the most potent activator of phosphofructokinase, converting fructose-6-phosphate to fructose 1,6-phosphate
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Fructose 2,6 BP
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