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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Zwitterion
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Neutral net charge of an AA
- Positive Charge Amino group NH3+ - Negative Charge Carboxyl group COO- |
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Oxidoreductase Enzymes
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Transfer of pair of electrons
A + B+ <--> C + BH ex: NAD+ --> NADH |
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Transferase Enzymes
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Transfer of a functional group
A + B-R <--> A-R + B ex: ATP --> ADP (kinase rxn) |
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Hydrolase Eznymes
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H2O used to split bonds
A + H2O <--> C + D ex. Pepsin, trypsin, lipase, amylase |
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Lyase Enzymes
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Non-hydrolytic cleavage
A <--> B-R ex: Decarboxylase (CO2 product) |
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Isomerase Enzymes
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Structural Change, different isomer
R-A <--> A-R ex: Mutase |
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Ligase Enzymes
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Removes H2O to build a single bond, need ATP
A + B <--> C ex: Synthetase |
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Glucose Absorption
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Apical Surface: Active Co-Transport [Na+ GLUT-1 Transporter]
Basal Surface: Facilitated Diffusion [GLUT-2 Transporter] |
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Galactose Absorption
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Apical Surface: Active Co-Transport [Na+ GLUT-1 Transporter]
Basal Surface: Facilitated Diffusion [GLUT-2 Transporter] |
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Fructose Absorption
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Apical Surface: Facilitated Diffusion [GLUT-5 Transporter]
Basal Surface: Facilitated Diffusion [GLUT-2 Transporter] |
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CHO Digestion
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Hydrolysis (H2O used to split into monomers)
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Lipid Digestion
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Bile Emulsification + Pancreatic Lipase --> Monoglycerides + FAs
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SCFA/MCFA Absorption
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Bile-indep. facilitated diffusion @ Apical surface (w/ FATP-4 & CD-36)
Facilitated diffusion @ basal surface to portal vein |
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LCFA/Cholesterol Absorption
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Bile emulsification --> Micelle --> Simple diffusion @ apical surface --> Remove bile salts, TG synth --> Form chylomicron --> Enter lymph --> Thoracic duct --> Heart
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Protein Digestion
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Gastrin-stimulated HCl denaturation in stomach
Hydrolytic cleavage w/ pepsin, trypsin, peptidases |
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Amino Acid Absorption
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Apical Surface: Active Co-Transport
Basal Surface: Facilitated Diffusion |
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Tyrosine Derivatives
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- Catecholamines (ex. Epi, Norepi, Dopamine)
- Thyroid Hormone |
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Steroid Hormones
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- Glucocorticoids (ex. Cortisol)
- Mineralocorticoids (ex. Aldosterone) - Sex Hormones (ex. Testosterone, estrogen) |
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Peptide Hormones
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- Secretin & Gastrin
- Parathyroid Hormone - Insulin & Glucagon - Growth Hormone |
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Why does a steroid hormone need a transport protein?
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1) Increase solubility
2) Decrease ability of peptidases to denature hormone before reaching target (Increases half-life) 3) Decrease release in kidney tubules (makes it big enough so that it's not flushed out) |
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Peptide Hormone Production
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DNA --> mRNA --> Prohormone --> Hormone
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Steroid Hormone Production
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Cholesterol --> Cholesterol Ester --> Pregnenolone --> Hormone
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Hormone Action Steps
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1) Hormonal/Neuronal/Nutritional signal
2) Transcription (nucleus) --> Translation (ribosomes in cytosol) 3) Modification (cleavage), Exocytosis 4) Binding to receptor |
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Class I Intracellular Receptors
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*For steroid hormones in adrenal cortex
-Ligand binds in cytosol -Heat Shock Protein (HSP) removed -Dimerization -Move to nucleus -Bind to Hormone Response Element (HRE) -Transcription |
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Class II Intracellular Receptors
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*For thyroid hormone
-Ligand binds in nucleus -Activate receptor -Remove corepressor -DNA transcription |
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Stimulation of Insulin Secretion
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-Increased blood glucose
-Increased blood lipid/protein -Parasympathetic nervous system |
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Inhibition of Insulin Secretion
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-Sympathetic Alpha2-adrenergic stimulation (Epi)
-Low blood glucose |
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Functions of Insulin
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*Anabolic Hormone*
Stimulates: -Glycogen synthesis -Protein synthesis -Lipogenesis -Glucose transport to muscle/brain -Cell growth Targets: -Heart -Nervous tissue -Adipose tissue -Skeletal muscle -Liver |
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Stimulation of Glucagon Secretion
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-Decreased blood glucose
-Increased [amino acid] -Sympathetic beta-adrenergic stimulation |
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Inhibition of Glucagon Secretion
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-High circulating [FA]
-Somatostatin (aka GHIH) -High glucose/insulin levels |
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Functions of Glucagon
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*Catabolic hormone*
Stimulates: -Glycogenolysis -Gluconeogenesis -Lipid mobilization/ketone body formation Targets: -Liver -Adipose tissue -Kidney |
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Stimulation of Epinephrine Secretion
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-Environmental Signal (stress)
-ACTH (Corticotropin) |
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Functions of Epinephrine
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Stimulates:
-Systolic BP (no change mean BP) -HR -Bronchodilation -Glycogenolysis -TG hydrolysis Targets: -Liver -Adipose tissue -Skeletal muscle |
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Stimulation of Norepinephrine Secretion
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-Adrenergic neurons of sympathetic nervous system
-Environmental signal (stress) |
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Functions of Norepinephrine
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Stimulates:
-Mean BP -Bradycardia (to balance CO) -TG hydrolysis -Vasoconstriction Targets: -Liver -Adipose tissue -Skeletal muscle -Heart |
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Cortisol in the Liver
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- Increase glycogen synthesis
- Increase gluconeogenesis |
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Cortisol in Adipose Tissue
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- Increase TG hydrolysis = Increased central adiposity
- Decrease glucose uptake |
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Cortisol in Skeletal Muscle
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- Increase proteolysis
- Decrease protein synthesis - Decrease glucose uptake |
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Cortisol in the Thymus Gland
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- Decrease size of lymph (apoptosis)
- Decrease # lymphocytes (less immune response) |
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Cortisol in Bone/Connective Tissue
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- Decrease collagen synthesis
- Decrease Ca2+ absorption - Increase urinary excretion |
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Cortisol in the Kidney
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- Decrease calcium reabsorption
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Stimulation of GH Secretion
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- Decreased [glucose] --> Secrete GHRH
- Exercise - Stage-4 Sleep - Decreased [FFA] - Increased [AA] |
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Inhibition of GH Secretion
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-GHIH Secretion
-Increased circulating GH -Low levels thyroid hormone -Increased [glucose] -Glucocorticoids -Increased [FFA] |
