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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
what is bioluminescence?
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the phenomenon in witch chemical reactions within organism's (fireflies, fish, many other animals) abdomen release energy in the form of light.
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water composes from ____ to ____ of any living system.
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50, 90%
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hydrogen and oxygen compose over ____ of living systems.
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75%
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How are hydrogen and oxygen atoms related?
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2 H and 1 O composes water molecule
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does electrons move slower or faster around the oxygen side of a water molecule, and why?
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slower, because the oxygen side has more force and the electrons want to be along that side of the water molecule.
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what does the water molecule look like?
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Mickey Mouse
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What are the two types of mixtures?
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solution and suspension
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What is a mixture?
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A material composes of two or more elements or compounds that are physically, not chemically mixed together
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why is water so good at forming mixtures?
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it's polarity
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What is a solution?
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a mixture of 2 or more substances in which the molecules of the substances are evenly distributed throughout (dissolved)
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What is a solvent?
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the substance that does the dissolving
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What is a solute?
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The substance that is dissolved
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describe the characteristics of acids
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-sour taste
-ph below 7 -hydrogen ions -turns blue litmis paper red |
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describe the charac. of bases
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-bitter taste
-ph above 7 -hydroxide ions -turns red litmis paper blue |
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lemon juice pH?
oven cleaner pH? |
2.5, 13.5
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which solution has the highest concentration of H+ ions?
of OH- ions? |
stomach acid, oven cleaner
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Is Hydrogen fluoride pH below or above 7?
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below
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what the general pH of rainwater?
of acid rain(precipitation)? |
6 to 7, 3.5
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what is a suspension?
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mixture of water and nondissolved material(it's suspended)
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what properties of blood would classify it as a suspension?
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-types of cells
-vitamins -cell membranes -minerals -proteins they're all suspended in blood plasma |
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How are mixtures, acids and bases, and suspensions found in living things all common?
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They all contain water
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The four elements that make up ____ of the total weight of the human body?
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96.3%, carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen
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difference between organic and inorganic compounds?
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organic compounds MUST contain carbon.
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organic compounds must contain ____ in each ____
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carbon, molecule
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how is carbon such a special and important compound in living things?
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it's very versatile. has 4 outer valence electrons. can combine with many many other elements through covalent bonds, esp. with itself.
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rocks may contain ____
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carbon atoms, but it's inorganic because it's not living.
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What does polymerization do?
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combines many atoms to make a molecule
(great number of monomer are bonded together to make a polymer) |
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monomer means..?
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one part
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polyester is made by the process of polymerization. Why is this same process extremely important to living things?
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monomers must pass through cell membranes because polymers are too large
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the four major groups of organic compounds found in living things?
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carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins
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What the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen atoms found in a molecule of carbohydrate and why is this important?
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2:1. it's water!
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what are glucose, galactose, fructose?
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simple sugar.
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what is simple sugar referred to as?
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monosaccharides
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two monosaccharides joined together is a____.
3 or more is a ____. |
diasaccharides, polysaccharides
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what the process whereby simple sugars are polymerized?
and how does it work? how many water molecules are needed to be taken out? |
dehydration synthesis,
monosaccharides are joined together, and the ends are taken out either a OH- ion or a H+ ion, so that the ends of positive or negative. Each time two join together, a water molecule is taken out. The number of monosaccharides minus 1 is the amount of water molecules taken out. |
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OH- + H+ -->
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H2O (Water)
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what are the three different types of polysaccharides and what are their functions?
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-glycogen/"animal" - is stored in liver and large muscles. When the level of glucose is low, the glycogen breaks apart into glucose and replaces the lost ones, providing energy.
-plant starch - plants need it to store extra sugar as starch -cellulose - produced by plants and it provides the tough and rigidity for the plants. it's a major component of both wood. |
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the splitting apart of polysaccharides to form monosaccharides is termed ____.
how does this relate to dehydration synthesis? |
hydrolysis.
it's the EXACT opposite of dehydration synthesis |
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the artificial sweetner that is believed to cause cancer is called ____
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saccharin
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lipids feel...
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oily or waxy
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list the 6 major roles in living organisms performed by lipids
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-store energy
-important part of cell membranes -waterproof coverings (cacti) -insulation (polar bear) -protection (kidneys) -chemical messengers (steroids) |
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what are the most common forms of lipids and how dot hey differ?
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fats, waxes (most of both are solid at room temperature)
oils (liquid at room temperature) |
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what's the difference between saturated, unsaturated, and polysaturated lipids?
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saturated - fatty acids contains hydrogens and carbon-carbon single bonds (the hydrogen is joined off carbon atoms)
unsaturated-one double bond polyunsaturated-more double bonds |
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eggs are often used in recipes as emulsifying agents to break up oil and fat molecules because..
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so they can mix with other substances more easily
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why are the two other lipids, sterols and phospholipids important?
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phosphlipids-lipids that are added with phosphorus which make cell membranes
sterols-steroids uses as chemical messengers |
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proteins comes from the Greek work proteios which means...?
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"of first importance"
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proteins are organic compounds that contain ____ in addition to carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
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nitrogen
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what does nitrogen do?
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makes protein
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proteins are polymers of ____
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amino acids
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there are more than ____ different types of amino acids
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20
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when two amino acids are combined, they form ____ aka. covalent bond between 2 amino acids
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peptide bonds
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proteins have numerous roles, name them
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-regulate cell processes or to control the rate of reaction
-it's in cell membranes, transport substances in and out of cells or to help fight disease -used to form bones and muscle, used for structural purposes -enzymes(99% are proteins) |
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does enzymes take part in reactions? are they used up? if not, how do they come out?
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no, no, in feces
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too much ____ and ____ can be dangerous
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protein and amino acid
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what's a catalyst? what other names do we use to call it?
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substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction. We use enzymes instead, which can speed up or down the rate.
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how quickly can catalysts work to speed up reactions?
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1 million times faster
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why must we need enzymes in our stomachs?
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to digest proteins, or else it'd take 50 years for a single meal.
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the compounds that are affected by an enzyme as known as ____
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substrates
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the compounds affected by an enzyme are binded together at a region known as the ____
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active site
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what does it mean for an enzyme to be specific?
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the substrates must fit like a key into the active site, the lock.
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name the organic macromolecules
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carbohydrates, lipids, proteins
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carbohydrates- elements they are composed of?
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carbon, hydrogen, oxygen (2:1 ratio, lots of times)
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carbohydrates- monomers connected through dehydration synthesis
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monosaccharides (sugar)
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examples of monosaccharides?
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gluctose, galactose, fructose
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carbohydrates- function(s)
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-used as main source of energy
-structural purposes |
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lipids- elements they are composed of?
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carbon, hydrogen, oxygen (not in a 2:1 ratio)
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lipids- monomers connected through dehydration synthesis
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1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids
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lipids- function(s)
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-protection
-insulation -important parts of cell membranes -store energy -chemical messengers -waterproof coverings |
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proteins- elements they are composed of
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hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, nitrogen
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proteins- monomers connected through dehydration synthesis
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amino acids
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proteins- function(s)
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-regulate cell processes and control the rate of reactions
-in cell membranes and transport substances into or out of cells, or to help fight disease -enzymes (proteins) -used for structural purposes (bones and muscles) |
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What are the five types of atoms in nucleic acids?
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hydrogen, carbon, exygen, nitrogen, and phosphorous
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nucleic acids are made from monomers called...
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nucleotides
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what are the 3 parts of nucleotides?
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5-carbon sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base
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the 2 main types of nucleic acids?
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deoxyribonucleic acid (RNA)
ribonucleic acid (DNA) |
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what is the job of nucleic acids?
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to store and transmit genetic information
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will mistake in DNA always cause mutation?
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no, not always
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