Biol 435 Exam #1

1. Body

2. Systems

3. Organs

4. Tissue

5. Cells, Body Fluids, Extracellular Substances

50 million RBCs/mm3

First to discover cells under a microscope

1. Dissecting Microscope

2. (Transmitted) Light Microscope "Compound"

Three dimensional use

Light does not pass through object

LIVING Tissue

COMPOUND

2 lenses magnifying (ocular and objective)

1. Light Source

2. Condenser (focuses light on specimen)

3. Specimen (Object)

4. Objective

5. Ocular

d=0.61(wavelength)/nsin(alpha)

n=refractive index (velocity of light in vacuum/velocity in medium)

Indirect light scatter

For organisms that do not absorb light

Unstained

Background=black

1. Ultraviolet/ Florescence

2. Polarizing

3. Phase Contrast

4. Interference

5. Confocal Microscopy

Makes light into a single plane

Vibrates photons on 1 plane

anisotropic= refraction of polarized light

Retard Light about 1/4 of wavelength

Good for living things

Prism and Polarizing Light

Transparent things in cells can be seen

Heavy Metal Stains

Thin Sections

Fixed Beam

Projects a beam of electrons through specimen to metal plate

SUFACE

Focus electrons with a magnetic lens

(2-3 angstroms)

Scans back and forth in raster pattern

Distance between 2 H molecules

Angstrom= 0.1 nm

Stain living things without damage

ex. methylene blue, trypan blue

Stabilizes a tissue

No break down and prevents bacteria

Denatures Protein and tissue hardens

Ex Formeldehyde

Gets rid of H2O

Replaces H2O with Et

Ex. Different Conc. of Et

Replaces Et with Xylene

Tissue turns Clear

Liquid Paraffin

Stabilizes tissues to cut into thin slices

Microtomy- uses a microtome

4-10 um thick

Various Stains

Stains what you are looking for

NEGATIVE

binds to POSITIVE groups

ex. cytoplasm and collagen

Eosin= red or orange

Positive

Binds to Negative Groups

Ex. Nucleus and Mitochondria

Hemotoxylin= blue or purple

Use Liquid Nitrogen

use cryomicrotone to cut tissue

Use labeled compound to see histological reaction

Ex. Peroxides

1. Good Solvent

2. Comparable Temp Range

3. Can separate ionic substances

4. Can cool body

1/2 dry weight of cell

20 aa in a protein

1. Enzyme

2. Structural components (provide structure)

3. Functional Components (Tubulin)

Carb and Protein

Mostly carb and a little protein

cGMP, cAMP

Signaling

Phosphokinase reactions

Oil instead of fat

Double bonded

1. Lipid Storage

2. Steroid Synthesis

1. Cell Membrane

2. Cytoplasmic Lipid Droplets

3. Endocrine Function (steroids and prostaglandins)

4. Extra cellular lipoprotein complexes (carry lipids)

Give indication of cell cycle

1. Electrical Properties/ maintain function and protein configuration

2. Trigger cell events (Messangers)

3. Extra cellular matrix

4. Cell Adhesion (Ca2+)

1. Irritability- respond to stimulus

2. Conductivity- movement of ions

3. Contractility- alter shape

4. Respiration- production of ATP

5. Transport

Phagocytosis (cell eating)

Pinocytosis (membrane turnover)

Increased level of cell division

Injury related cell death

Detoxification of Enzymes

Steroid Synthesis

Ca2+ Storage

Packages Organelle

Contain catalysts peroxidases

Facilitate break down of macromolecules

In Mitochondria

13 parallel rows of tubulin

25nm in diameter

Provide Support and movement

You have to know what you did and make it as standard as possible

1. Shrinkage

2. Precipitates

3. Folds, wrinkles and tears

4. Poor fixation of cells (biggest error)

Living substance cell is made of

Comp- protein, nucleic acids, carbs, lipids, inorganic material

Nucleoplasm (Karyoplasm)

Nuclear Envelope=double membrane

1. Matrix

2. Organelles

3. Inclusions

Structural components, organized, compartmentalized (specific function), usually membrane bound

Things not all cells have

Ex. Pigment, lipid droplets, glycogen

K+

Contain Lytic Enzymes

Fuse to phagosome to become secondary

Contains components that are not digestible by the cell

Tertiary Lysosome Build up=Residual body (Lypofuscin)

Actin

Cell Structure and Movement

Anchor Desosome(Outside Cell)

Made of Dimers

Resist pulling forces on cell

Made up of microtubules in triplets

Centrosome=ENTIRE spindle apparatus

Dbl Membrane

Nucleolus-RNA Transcript

Heterochromatin (not transcribed)

1. Heterochromatin- tightly packed, less protein synthesis

2. Euchromatin- More synthesis of proteins

Ectoderm-Nervous System, skin, spine

Mesoderm-Blood Vessels, lining in epithelium

Endoderm-Lining of Organs

1. Protection

2. Barrier

3. Absorption

4. Secretion

5. Sensation

1. Squamous

2. Columnar

3. Cuboidal

1. Squamous

2. Cuboidal

3. Columnar

4. Transitional (larger on outside)

**Named by which ever layer is on the outside

Fibrous, Extracellular

Epithelium Sit on basal surface

Zonula Adherens (belt-like) an Macula Adherens (plaque-like)

Top, Furthest from base

Features: Microvilli, Stereocilia, Cilia, Caveoli and fenestra

Not mobile

Absorptive (high surface area)

Tall and Branching

Not Mobile

Pore-like openings

Allow for exchange of Materials

Columnar

**Have Surface Coating

1. No Duct System

2. Products are released into CIRCULATORY system

3. Not just epithelial cells

4. Regulatory in Nature

Discharge of a product at an internal or external surface

Not Regulatory

Carried with ducts

Have both Endocrine and Exocrine components

ex. pancrease

1. Active Transport (Ion)

2. Merocrine (exocytosis)

3. Apocrine (loss of apical cytoplasm)

4. Holocrine (discharge of whole cells)

oil (sebaceous) glands

Seminiferous tubules of testis

1. Secretory Sheet-sheets of cell producing product

2. Intraepithelial Gland- aggregates of glandular cells with in epithelium

3. Simple- Unbranched Tubular

4. Compound (glandular units at end of branching duct system

Gastric Surface

Uterine Surface

Make partial lumen of their own

aggregates of glandular cells w/in wpithelium

Unbranched

Intestinal Glands and Sweat Glands

a. Compound tubular-stomach

b. Compound acinar or alveolar- pancrease

c. mixed- different types of secretory units in the same gland-Submandibular salivary gland

VARIES, usually secretes

1. Main Duct

2. Lobar Ducts (Into Main Duct)

3. Interlobular Ducts (Between lobar ducts)

4. Intralobular Ducts (Ducts in Lobar ducts)

5. Intercalated Ducts (Branch to acini)