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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Disinfection |
A process to destroy vegetative pathogens, not endospores, on inanimate objects. |
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Sterilization |
A process that destroys all viable microbes, including viruses and endospores. (Kills all bacteria and endospores). |
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Antisepsis |
Disinfection of exposed body surfaces (living) .(on the baby) |
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Sanitization |
Any cleansing technique that mechanically removes microbes. |
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Thermal Death Time |
Shortest length of time required to kill all test microbes at a specified temperature. |
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Thermal Death Point |
Lowest temperature required to kill all microbes in a sample in 10 minutes. |
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Tyndallization |
Intermittent sterilization for substances that cannot withstand autoclaving. |
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Pasteurization |
Application of heat to kill potential agents of infection and spoilage without destroying the food flavor or value. |
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Pasteurization in. Batch Method |
Pasteurization at 65 C for 30 minutes. (LTLT). |
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Pasteurization in. Flash Method |
Pasteurization at 70 C. For 15 seconds (HTST) |
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Lyophilization |
Freeze drying; preservation. |
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Antibiotics |
Are common metabolic products of aerobic spore-forming bacteria and fungi, that can destroy infectious agents. Example: penicillin. |
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Antimicrobials |
Any drug that can destroy an infective agent. |
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Bacteriocidad |
Any drug administered to a person that kills bacteria. |
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Bacteriostatic |
Any drug administered to a person that suppresses (holds it) bacterial growth. |
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Therapeutics |
Any drugs used to cure ar alleviate signs and symptoms of a disease. |
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Prophylaxis |
Any drug of immunization that prevents a person from getting a specific disease. |
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Broad Spectrum |
Antibiotics that target cell component common to most pathogens and therefore have a greatest range of activity against microbes. |
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Narrow Spectrum |
Antibiotics that target a specific cell component found only in certain microbes and are therefore effective only on a small range of microbes. |
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Antibiogram |
A list of antibiotics with their effectiveness agains a bacterial culture. |
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Therapeutic Index |
A ratio of the toxic dose of a drug to its minimum effective dose. |
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Therapeutic index = |
Toxic dose _______________________________________________ Minimum effective dose Higher the therapeutic index of a drug, better the safety margin and effectiveness. |
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Infection |
A condition in which pathogenic microbes penetrate host defenses, enter tissues and multiply. |
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Disease |
Any deviation from health, disruption of a tissue or organ |
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Infectious disease |
Any deviation from health, disruption of a tissue or organ caused by an infectious agent. |
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Normal flora |
Microbes that engage in mutual or commensal associations with the host (resident flora indigenous flora) |
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True pathogen |
Capable of causing disease in healthy persons with normal immune defenses. |
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Opportunistic pathogen |
Causes disease when the host's defenses are compromised or when they grow in part of the boby that is not natural to them. |
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Virulence |
Ability of a microbe to cause disease. |
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Virulence factors |
Characteristic or structure of a pathogen that contributes to virulence. |
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Exogenous agent |
Microbes that originate from sources outside the body to cause infection. |
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Endogenous agent |
Microbes that already exist on or in the host body (normal flora) to cause infection. |
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Infectious dose |
Minimum number of microbes required to cause an infection. |
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Endotoxins |
Lipopolysachcharides found on outer membranes of Gram-negative bacteria. (Part of the organism inside). |
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Exotoxins |
Protein secreted by Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. |
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Stages of infection |
Incubation period, prodromal stage, period of invasion, convalescent period. (Exposed to a agent). |
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Localized infection |
Microbes enter body and remain confined to a specific tissue. |
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Systemic infection |
Infection spreads to several sites and tissue fluids usually through the bloodstream. |
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Focal infection |
When infectious agent breaks loose from a local infection and is carried to other tissues. |
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Primary infection |
Initial infection by a microbe. |
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Secondary infection |
Another infection by a different microbe subsequent to primary infection. |
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Mixed infection |
Several microbes growing simultaneously at the infection site. |
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Acute infection |
Infection comes on rapidly, with severe but short-lived effects. |
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Chronic infection |
Infection progresses and persist over a long period of time. |
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Signs of disease |
Objective evidence (can be measured or visualized) of disease as noted by an observer. |
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Symptoms of disease |
Subjective evidence of disease as sensed by the patient. |
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Bacteremia |
Bacteria in small numbers in blood and may not cause systemic disease. |
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Viremia |
Virus in small numbers in blood and may not cause systemic disease. |
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Septicemia |
Bacteria in large number in blood circulation and can cause disease in any organ. |
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Portals of entry |
Part of body of a host through which a microbe gains entry to cause infection. |
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Portals of exit |
Part of body of an infected host through which a microbe exists. |
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Reservoir of pathogen |
Primary habitat of pathogen in the natural world. |
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Source of infection |
Individual or object from which an infection is actually acquired. |
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Asymptomatic carriers |
An individual who inconspicuously shelters a pathogen and spreads it to others. |
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Passive carriers |
A healthcare provider who picks up pathogens from a patient and transfers them to other patients is considered a passive carrier. |
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Vector |
Any animal (usually arthropods) that transmit microbes from one host to another. |
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Biological vector |
Vector which actively participates in a pathogen's life cycle. |
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Mechanical vector |
Vector that is not necessary to the life cycle of an infectious agent and merely transport it without being infected. |
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Communicable disease |
When an infected host can transmit the infectious agent to another host and establish infection in that host. |
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Contagious disease |
Highly communicable disease. |
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Notifiable disease |
A communicable disease that, when diagnosed or suspected by a clinician, must be notified to the health authorities. |
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Prevalence |
Total number of existing cases with respect to the entire population usually represented by a percentage of the population. |
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Incidence |
Measures the number of new cases over a certain time period, as compared with the general healthy population. |
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Mortality rate |
The total number of deaths in a population due to a certain disease. |
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Morbidity rate |
Number of people afflicted with a certain disease. Example: Ebolla. |
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Endemic |
Disease that exhibits a relatively steady frequency over a long period of time in a particular geographic locale. |
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Epidemic |
When prevalence of a disease is increasing beyond what is expected. |
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Pandemic |
Disease epidemic across continents. |
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Sporadic outbreak |
When occasional cases of a disease are reported at irregular intervals. |