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175 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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adipose cells/tissue
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cells/tissue which store fat
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amino acids
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building blocks of proteins
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basal metabolic rate (BMR)
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rate of energy expenditure of the body at complete rest
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body mass index (BMI)
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measure of obesity calculated as weight (kg) divided by (height in m)^2
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calorie, caloric intake
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unit of energy
caloric intake/expenditure is the amount of energy available in food and energy expended by the body |
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carbohydrates
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organic molecules used as an energy source; includes mono/di/polysaccharides
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fats
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lipids; organic nonpolar molecules that include fats, triglycerides, and cholesterol
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fatty acids
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organic molecules used as energy that form triglycerides when joined with glycerol
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glucose
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primary energy source of body (a monosaccharide)
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lipids
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fats; organic nonpolar molecules that include fatty acids, triglycerides, and cholesterol
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macronutrients
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proteins, carbohydrates, lipids--nutrients that serve as the main energy sources
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proteins
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polymers of amino acids that serve a variety of functions in the body
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sequelae
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adverse consequences of a disease
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sugars
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mono- & disaccharides
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triglycerides
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lipids made up of
1 glycerol molecule 3 fatty acids |
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skinfold
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measure of body fat based on thickness of subcutaneous fat under the upper arm
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waist-hip ratio
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a measure of truncal obesity based on the ratio of waist circumference to hip circumference
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beta cells
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cells in the pancreas that secrete insulin
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diabetes mellitus
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a condition resulting from high blood glucose and a lack of insulin
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hormone
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molecule secreted by a cell that changes the body's function when in contact with its specific receptor
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hyperglycemic
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high blood sugar
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hypoglycemic
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low blood sugar
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insulin
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hormone secreted by pancreas which lowers blood glucose levels
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insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
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Type 1
characterized by a sudden onset of a lack of insulin |
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ischemic heart disease
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heart damage due to insufficient blood or oxygen supply to heart muscle
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ketoacidosis
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a state due to lack of insulin in which excess ketones and acids are produced
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macrovascular
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relating to blood vessels that are large enough to be seen with the eye
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microvascular
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relating to microscopic blood vessels
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non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
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Type 2
gradual onset of insulin resistance |
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polypeptide
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chain of amino acids; term generally means a short chain
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receptor
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molecule which, when bound to its hormone, changes the function of a cell
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retinopathy
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damage to the retina (membrane in back of the eye)
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stroke
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sudden brain damage due to an insufficient blood supply to the brain
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truncal obesity
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obesity that is pronounced in the abdomen and is measured as a high wasit-hip ratio
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ulcers
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sores in the skin or inner intestinal wall
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angioplasty
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repair of artery through a catheter inserted into the inside of the artery
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aorta
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main systemic artery that receives blood from left ventricle
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artery
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blood vessel that carries blood from heart to peripheral tissues
(systemic circulation) |
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atheroma
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fat deposit in wall of artery causing partial blockage
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atherosclerosis
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condition in which arteries are narrowed and hardened due to fat deposits, fibrosis, and calcification
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atrium
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small chamber of heart that receives blood from veins and pumps it to ventricles
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bypass
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surgical procedure in which blockage of artery is bypassed by connecting another blood vessel (usually a vein taken from the leg) to the artery on both sides of the blockage
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calcification
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deposition of calcium in a tissue, making it hard
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cholesterol
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soft, waxy compound needed for cell membranes to maintain their shape; accumulates in walls of arteries if levels in blood are too high
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collaterals
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new branches of blood vessels that bypass blockage
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congestive heart failure
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condition in which heart does not pump sufficient blood, causing fluid to accumulate in legs and lungs
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coronary arteries
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arteries which supply blood to heart muscle
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deadly quartet
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combination of:
-diabetes -hypertension -hyperlipidemia -obesity |
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defribrillation
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restoration of normal heart electrical rhythm by applying an electrical shock to the heart
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endothelium
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thin layer of cells that line blood vessels
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fibrillation
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uncoordinated, ineffective electrical activity of heart muscles; causes death if not corrected in minutes
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high-density lipoproteins (HDL)
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particles that contain cholesterol, triglycerides, and proteins that transport cholesterol from peripheral tissues to liver
(the GOOD kind) |
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hyperinsulinemia
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high amounts of insulin in blood
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hyperlipidemia
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high amounts of cholesterol in blood
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ischemia
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reversible damage to tissue due to insufficient oxygen, usually caused by not enough blood flow
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low-density lipoproteins (LDL)
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particles that contain cholesterol, triglycerides and proteins that transport cholesterol from liver to peripheral tissues
(the BAD kind) |
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monounsaturated fat
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fat that is liquid at room temperature
usually comes from vegetable oil |
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myocardial infarction
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permanent damage to heart muscle due to ischemic heart disease
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palpitations
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abnormal sensations of heart beating in chest
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platelets
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small cell fragments that are responsible for blood clotting
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polyunsaturated fat
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fat that is liquid at room temperature
usually comes from fish oil |
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pulmonary
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pertaining to the lungs
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saturated fat
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fat that is solid at room temperature
usually comes from meat |
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smooth muscle
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cells in wall of arteries that regulate size of arteries and can accumulate cholesterol
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syndrome X
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aka deadly quartet
-diabetes -hypertension -hyperlipidemia -obesity |
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systemic
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relating to the main parts of the body excluding the lungs
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thrombosis
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blood clotting
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trans fat
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fat caused by "hydrogenation" of mono/polyunsaturated fats to produce margarine or other dairy fat substitutes
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vein
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blood vessel that carries deoxygenated blood from peripheral tissues to the heart
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ventricle
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larger chamber of heart that receives blood from atrium and pumps it into arteries
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anticoagulants
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bloods that slow down or prevent blod clotting
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capillaries
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tiny blood vessels that supply oxygen to tissues; connect smallest arteries to smallest veins
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cardiac output
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amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute
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cerebrovascular disease
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injury in the brain caused by problems in arteries supplying the brain;
common cause: stroke |
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diastolic blood pressure
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lowest blood pressure in the pulse cycle
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diuretics
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drugs that cause loss of sodium and water from the kidneys
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embolic
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caused by an embolism
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embolism
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blood clot that breaks free and travels through the blood stream to another area of the body
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essential hypertension
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HBP not caused by any known specific disease
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hemorrhage
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abnormal excess bleeding either externally or within tissues
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hypertension
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high blood pressure defined as SBP>140 or DBP > 90
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renal
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pertaining to the kidneys
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systemic vascular resistance
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resistance to blood flow in arteries
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systolic blood pressure
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highest blood pressure (peak) in the pulse cycle
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thrombotic
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caused by a blood clot
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adenoma
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neoplasm arising from glandular epithelium (cells that line an organ)
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colon
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large intestine
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initiation of cancer
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causing mutation which starts the process of transformation from a normal cell to a cancer cell
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occult blood
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blood present in stool but not readily visible
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oncogene
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cancer-promoting gene
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promotion of cancer
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causing series of mutations which cell line has initiated progress toward cancer
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proto-oncogene
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gene which has the potential of becoming an oncogene by mutation
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polyp
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mass of glandular and epithelial tissue that grows into intestine from intestinal wall
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rectum
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section of GI tract between sigmoid colon and anus
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sigmoidoscopy
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procedure that visualizes the interior of the sigmoid
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adenocarcinoma
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adenoma which displays signs of invading surrounding tissue or metastasis
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apoptosis
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programmed cell death
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axillary
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in the axilla (armpit)
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benign
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describes a tumor that does not spread to distant sites, invade surrounding tissue, or recur after removal
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cancer
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malignant tumor
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carcinogen
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chemical that initiates or promotes the development of cancer
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carcinoma
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cancer of epithelial or gland cells
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differentiation
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modification of cell structure and function to serve a specialized purpose
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epithelium
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layer of cells lining the free surface of organs
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estrogens
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steroid hormones that produce female sex characteristics
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gland
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an organ or cell that secretes something
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lymph nodes
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aggregations of immune cells at connection points in the lymphatic system
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malignant
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describes a tumor that spreads to distant sites, invades surrounding tissue, or recurs after removal
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mammography
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x-ray of breast to screen for cancer
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menarche
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time of first menstrual cycle
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menopause
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time of last menstrual cycle
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metastasis
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spread of malignant tumor to distant sites
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mutation
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error in transcription of DNA during cell division
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neoplasm, tumor
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purposeless, uncontrolled proliferation of cells
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nulliparity
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having borne no children
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tamoxifen
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drug which decreases the likelihood of breast cancer in high-risk women
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undifferentiated
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general in appearance; not specialized
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alveolus (alveoli)
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sac at the end of the respiratory tract that exchanges oxygen for carbon dioxide in the blood
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bladder
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organ that stores urine
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bronchiole
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small airway in respiratory tract
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bronchus (bronchi)
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large airway in respiratory tract
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bronchogenic carcinoma
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most common form of lung cancer; associated with smoking; includes squamous cell, small cell, large cell, and adenocarcinoma
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capillaries
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tiny blood vessels that connect the smallest arteries with the smallest veins; exchange oxygen with surrounding tissue
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cessation
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quitting (smoking)
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cilia
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tiny filaments that extend from the respiratory epithelium which assist in removing mucus and foreign material from respiratory tract
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chronic bronchitis
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chronic illness characterized by persistent cough
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chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
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chronic lung disease that includes both chronic bronchitis and emphysema
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curing
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fermentation of tobacco to increase amount of nicotine
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depressant
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drug that slows down activity of the brain
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emphysema
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chronic lung disease characterized by decreased alveoli and enlargement of alveolar spaces
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esophagus
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section of GI tract between mouth and stomach
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larynx
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structure made of cartilage that provides voice ("voice box")
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mucus
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viscous fluid produced by cells in respiratory and GI tracts
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nicotine
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psychoactive drug in tobacco
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particulate phase
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portion of smoke that is solid particles
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respiratory bronchioles
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connect terminal bronchioles to alveoli; have membrane through which oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged
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small cell carcinoma
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type of bronchogenic carcinoma
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stimulant
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drug that increases activity of brain
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tar
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residue from tobacco smoke that has passed through a filter
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terminal bronchioles
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smallest bronchioles that do not have a membrane through which oxygen and carbon dioxide can be exchanged
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tolerance
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pattern in which persons regularly using a particular drug must use increasing amounts in order to achieve the same effect
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vapor phase
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portion of smoke that is gas phase of liquids
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acetaldehyde
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metabolic product of alcohol CH3CH=O
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alcoholic hepatitis
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inflammation of the liver due to alcohol consumption
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bile
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substance secreted by the liver to the intestine to help with digestion of fats
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bilirubin
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chemical that is a breakdown product of red blood cells that have died
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chronic
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developing over time or long-lasting
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cirrhosis
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condition in which most of the liver is replaced with fibrous tissue; caused by excessive alcohol consumption or other causes of liver damage
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coma
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a state of depression of brain function in which a person does not respond to brain stimuli
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delirium tremens
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condition caused by withdrawal of alcohol from a person who is addicted to alcohol;
sweating, tremors, anxiety, confusion, hallucinations |
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dementia
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loss of general brain function, including memory and intellect
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disinhibition
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removal of normal psychosocial inhibitions to certain actions
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disulfuram/antabuse
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medicine that causes flushing and nausea in persons who consume alchohol
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ethanol/ethyl alchohol
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CH3-CH2-OH
alcohol |
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euphoria
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general state or feeling of well-being
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fatty liver
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condition in which liver cells have large amounts of accumulated fat, usually produced by chronic alcohol consumption
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fetal alcohol syndrome
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condition that includes mental retardation and characteristic facial appearance in children whose mothers drank during pregnancy
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hallucinations
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subjective perceptions of things that don't exist
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intoxication
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changes in behavior caused by a toxin
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jaundice
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accumulation of bilirubin in blood and tissues from liver disease; recognizable by yellow skin and eyes
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liver failure
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condition in which nearly all liver functions are deficient
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portal vein
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vein through which blood travels from the liver to the intestine
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seizure
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sudden attack of uncoordinated electrical activity in brain manifested by involuntary movements
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stupor
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state of depression of brain function in which a person is incoherent and does not respond normally to stimuli
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active prevention strategies
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prevention strategies that require people to make a change in their behavior
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antidepressants
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prescription drugs used to treat depression; often used in suicides
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antipsychotics
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prescription drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other mental illnesses; often used in suicides
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carbon monoxide
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gas produced by automobiles, stoves, furnaces that can be lethal; mechanism for suicide, unintentional poisoning
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contagion (in suicides)
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clustering of suicides in place/time in which it appears suicides are influencing others to commit suicide
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haddon matrix
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a way of conceptualizing injury prevention strategies based on the phase (pre-injury, injury, post-injury) and whether the strategy is targeted to the host, vehicle, or vector
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intent/manner of injury
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categorization of injury as:
-unintentional -intentional directed at another person (homicide) -intentional directed at oneself (suicide) |
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mechanism of injury
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the physical or chemical event that causes the injury
(ex: motor vehicle crash, firearm discharge, poisoning) |
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passive prevention strategies
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prevention strategies that do not require people to make a deliberate change in their behavior
(more effective than active strategies) |
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phase of mechanism of injury
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one of three steps in the mechanical process that causes injury:
1. pre-injury 2. injury 3. post-injury |
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vehicle
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object that causes injury by delivering energy to the body
(ex: car, gun, knife) |
