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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Who invented the Golgi stain and what does it do? |
The Golgi stain was invented by Camillo Golgi and it allows us to see a visualization of an entire neuron. |
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Santiago Ramon Y Cajal decided what? |
That the basic units of the nervous system is made up of indvidual elements that were later called neurons |
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What is the neuron doctorine? |
The idea that individual cells called neurons transmit signals in the nervous system, and that these cells are not continuous with other cells as proposed by nerve net theory |
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Neural Units |
Nerves are cells |
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Specialization |
a part of the brain is localized to a specific part of the body |
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Nucles is key |
The nucleus is the trophic center of the cell |
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Nerve fibers=cell processes |
nerve fibers are an extension of the cell itself |
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Cell division |
neurons are post mitotic |
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Dynamic polarization |
Information travels in one direction only |
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Dendrites |
are the part of the cell that receives information |
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Synapse is the discreet point of contact |
this is where electrochemical messages are stored |
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Unity of transmission |
contact is either excitatory or inhibitory |
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dales law |
a single type of neuro transmitter is released |
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what differentates from a fruit fly in terms of neurons |
the number of nerve cells |
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Integration zone |
The cell body. This is where information is put together. |
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The conduction zone is found at the |
axon (hillock) |
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Where is the chemicals information being stored |
Chemical information is stored in the axon terminal, specifically in the synaptic vesicles |
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What protects the integrity of a cell |
The mylein sheathe. |
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Fast exciatory (glutamate) |
very small molecule that when released into the synapse binds and lets g overy fast It opens the ion chhannels and changes the charge in the receiving cell |
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Fast inhibitory (GABA) |
binds to receptors and pushes its charge down |
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Monoamines |
On the receiving cell there is a different type of locks, sometimes they respond one way sometimes another. They’re either excitatory or inhibitory neurotransmitters. |
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what is the central nervous system |
the central nervous system is the brain and the spinal cord |
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what is the perpherial nervous system |
The perpherial nervous system is everything that extends out from the spinal cord.l norzdn; lkdfnzdl; kns dz dn srkns drl in |
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What are the four levels of the spinal cord |
Cervical, thoracic, Lumbar, and Sacral |
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Nissl stain |
Shows RNA by staining it yellow |
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Myelin Stain |
way to view the brain showing myelinated and non myelinated sections |
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Node of Ranvier |
Section in between Myelinated sheathe |
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What is Guillain Barre Syndrome |
And infection of the PNS characterized by ascending paralyasis |
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How does an MRI work |
Aligning all of your water molecules |
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FMRI |
Detects changes in blood oxygen levels/ More oxygen means regional activation |
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What are the most common demyelinating diseases |
MS, (Most commonly in the CNS) Guillain-Barré syndrome (characterized by ascending paralysis’s |
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Multicolor neurons |
Have many dendrites and a single axon |
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Bipolar neuron |
Single dendrite at one end of the cell and a single axon at the other end |
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Unipolar neurons |
have a singleo a single extension or process though of as an axon, that branches in two directions after leaving the cell body. |
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Ependymal cells |
lie onventricle that have direct contact with the cerebral- spinal fluid and blood. Controls spinal fluid, brain metabolism, and waste clean up.
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Oligodendrocytes |
Myelinating cells. Create myelin sheaths around the axons which speed signal transmission down the axon (insulate the cell) (CNS) |
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Astrocytes |
Relay signals from the blood to the brain. Neurons do not actually make contact with the cells that line the blood vessels of your brain. They rely on this type of cell to carry the signal to them. This helps to protect the precious neuron. |
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Satellite cells |
Surround the neurons in the peripherial nervous system. Act as the astrocytes of the PNS. They seem to contribute to chronic pain. |
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Schwann Cells |
These are the myelinating cells of the PNS. They also function to clean up debris to allow for the regrow they of neurons in the PNS |
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What is an ion |
A molecule with an unequal number of electrons and protons. Creates a charge. Different concentrations of ions on either side of the memberan give it a potential. |
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What is the electric potential
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The difference in electric charge between the interior and exterior of the cell |
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Membrane potential |
The inside of the axon is more negative than the outside so there is an electrical charge between the inside and the outside. |
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What are the three systems of the CNS? |
Cranial, Spinal, and Autonomic |
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Olfactory |
Smell-Sensory |
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Optic |
Vision-Sensory |
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Oculomotor |
Most eye movement and eyelid-motor |
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Trochlear |
Eye movement - motor |
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Trigeminal |
Face, sinus, teeth-both |
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Abducens |
Eye movement outward- motor |
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Facial |
Tongue, salivary, and tear glands-both |
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Vestibulocochlear |
Ears-sensory |
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Glossopharyngeal |
Mouth, taste- both |
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Vagus |
Internal organs- motor |
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Accessory |
Spine and neck muslcles- motor |
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Hypoglossal |
Tongue muscles-motor |
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Grey matter |
Cell bodies an dendrites non myelinated |
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White matter |
Axons myelinated |
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Dorsal |
Back root of each spinal nerves consists of sensory projections from the body to the spinal cord |
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Ventral |
The ventral front root consists of motor projections from the spinal cord to the muscles |
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Fight or flight |
Sympathetic activates the release or norepinephrine |
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Rest and digest |
Parasympathetic activates the release of acetylcholine tens to be inhibitory |
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What are the four brain lobes |
Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, Temporal |
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Action Potential |
The reversal of polarity in an axon |
