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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Biology
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Bio = life
ology = study of |
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What are the main requirements for life?
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Homeostatis, organization, metabolism, waste, specialized structures, growth, adaption, respond to stimuli, reproduction.
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Homeostatis
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Adjusting to external changes to maintain a constant internal environment
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Taxonomy
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taxis = arrangement
nomos = law or science of The science of classifying by naming & grouping based on similar structure or origin. |
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Taxon
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groups of similar organisms
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Classification system
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Kingdom Genus
Phylum Species Class Order Family |
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Species
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group of similar organisms that can interbreed under natural conditions and produce fertile offspring.
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Binomial Nomenclature
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2-word Latin naming system for species
Genus name -- Species name |
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Dichotomous Key
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A list of questions used to identify organisms, each question has a choice between two characteristics.
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Biodiversity
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number of different species in a given area
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Biotic
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all living organisms (alive or were once alive)
ex paper, bread, apple, dead tree |
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Abiotic
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nonliving things
Physical factors: climate, temp, sunlight, season.. Chem factors: minerals, water, CO2, nitrogen.. |
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Diversity
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difference between species and within species leading to change over time
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natural selection
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when an environment changes the organisms to best fit to the new environment - outcompete the others and survive while rest die off
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Genetic variation
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changes in genes resulting from random mutations - possibly increasing an organisms chance for survival
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Prokaryotes
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small, simplistic, DNA circular, no nucleus, one chromosome, mo mitosis or meiosis, asexual, unicellular, many anaerobic
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Eukaryotes
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large, more recent and complex, DNA, nucleus, membrane bound organelles, several chromosomes, cells divide by mitosis and meiosis, sexual reproduction, multicellular, most aerobic
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Primordial earth
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Before life - hot mud pools
asteroids Atmosphere: hot gases, oxygen in compounds The surface cooled, water vapour condensed, years of torrential rains formed ocean basins |
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Primary abiogenesis
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theory that the first living things on earth arose from non living things
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Protenoids
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spontaneously form protein chains and self-assemble into small, cell-like structures with membranes
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Ribozymes
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RNA molecule able to catalyze (start) a chemical reaction and replicate itself.
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Chemoautotrophs
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use chemicals, not sun, for energy. First true cells
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Photosynthetic autotrphs
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Get energy from sun. Form and release free oxygen into atmosphere which allows heterotrphs to grow.
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DNA
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a long, chain like molecule of many repeating subunits
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Nucleotide
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Forms each subunit of DNA.
Made of deoxyribose sugar, phosphate backbone, nitrogenous base |
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The 4 bases
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Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), and Cytosine (C)
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Complimentary base pairing
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bases pair with other bases on a second chain of nucleotides, forming a ladder, or zipper-like molecule
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Double Helix
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DNA molecule twists; forming a special spiral called a double helix
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Genetic code
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determined by the order of the bases. Order determines the type of proteins that makes the structure of a body and all the processes that occur in it
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Gene
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The section of DNA that codes for one protein
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mutation
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any change in the order of nitrogenous bases in a gene can change the structure of the protein. Can be good or bad
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Fossils
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evidence of ancient life preserved in earth's crust
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Radioactive dating
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the dating of fossils by measuring the ratio of radioactive to normal isotopes of different elements
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Geological time scale
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cross sections of the earth's crust revealing changes over time due to gradual sedimentation
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Embryology
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All living organisms start off as a single cell which then divides and specializes
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Homologous structures
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Structure that have similar origin in embryo with same basic bone structure
Ex. Human arm, whale flipper, etc |
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Analogous structures
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Structures that are similar in appearance and function but not origin
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Vestigal structures
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Organs or body parts - degenerate, rudimentary, or atrophied, having become functionless in the course of evolution
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Biochemical evidence
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similarity in biochemistry providing proof of relationships between organisms and common ancestors
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FItness
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traits and behaviors of organisms that give them the ability to survive and reproduce in a particular environment
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Adaptions
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features that improve fitness and make an organism better suited towards its environments. features such as appearance, behavior, structure, mode of life
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Ecological niche
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a combination of an organisms habitat and its role in the habitat
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Variability
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variation within a species (similar to diversity)
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Inherited variations
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derived from previous generations
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Acquired variations
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non-inherited, acquired within the lifetime of an animal. may also be environmental
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Evolution
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Ascent with modification - change over time
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Lamarck
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developed theory of inheritance
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5 points of Darwin's theory
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1. Descent from ancestor
2. variation 3. competition 4. survival of the fittest 5. pass on genes |
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Gradualism
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large evolutionary changes in species due to accumulation of many small, and ongoing changes and processes
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Punctuated equilibrium
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large evolutionary changes due to rapid spurts of change followed by long periods of little or no change
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Divergent evolution
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occurs when 2 or more species evolve increasingly different traits, resulting from different selective pressures or genetic drift
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Convergent evolution
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occurs when 2 or more species become increasingly similar in appearance in response to similar selective pressures
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Adaptive radiation
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occurs when an ancestral form "bursts" into many new, but related species. ex, Darwin's finches
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Genetic drift
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small populations as a result of chance, will not have the same frequency of genes as the large population
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Non-random mating
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individuals that mate and reproduce frequently make larger contributions to future generations
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sexual reproduction
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allows for variation within a population.
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reproductive isolation
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a collection of mechanisms, behaviors and physiological processes that prevent the members of two different species that cross or mate from producing offspring
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stabilizing selection
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most common phenotypes (expression of a gene) are favoured by environment as natural selection eliminates extreme variations in a particular trait
ex hummingbird beak and length of flowers |
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selective pressure
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environmental condition that causes some species to be more fit than others
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Directional selection
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when environment favours individuals with more extreme variations of a trait
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disruptive selection
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favours individuals with variations at opposite extremes of a trait
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