Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Two kingdoms of Monera
|
Archaebacteria & Eubacteria
|
|
Archaebacteria
|
-Extreme loving prokaryotic micro-organisms
-have lipid structures allowing cells to survive extreme hot or cold -thought to be one of life's first organisms |
|
Classifications of Archaebacteria
|
Methanogens, Halophiles, & Thermacidophiles
|
|
Methanogens
|
Methane-producing.
-live in oxygen-free environments (swamps, marshes) -use chemicals as energy -produce methane as waste |
|
Halophiles
|
Salt loving.
-live in salt pools (up to 15% salt. Seawater is only 3.5%) |
|
Thermacidophiles
|
Heat & acid loving.
-extremely hot and acidic environments (volcanoes, hot springs, & temps above 80 C) |
|
Eubacteria
|
Largest amount of organisms on the planet
|
|
Eubacteria classifications
|
By shape, growth patterns, cell wall structure, & respiration.
|
|
Eubacteria classification by shape
|
Cocci - round, easily transferred and resist drying.
Bacilli - Rod shaped. large surface area for absorbing nutrients. Spirilli - easily passed, spiral shaped, move through fluids with less resistance |
|
Eubacteria classification by growth patterns
|
Diplo - arranged in pairs (diplococci)
Staphylo - arranged in clusters (staphylococci) Strepto - long chain (streptococci) |
|
Eubacteria classification by cell wall structure
|
Gram positive - very thick protein payer on cell wall. 1 membrane. Purple stain. 2 support rings in flagella.
Gram negative - thin protein layer on cell wall. 2 inner and outer membranes. 4 support rings in flagella. |
|
Eubacteria classification by respiration.
|
Obligate aerobes - need oxygen
Obligate anaerobes & facultative anaerobes - use fermentation to convert sugar into alcohol and CO2 -some also produce lactic acid, acetic acid, & methane |
|
obligate anaerobes
|
NO oxyegn
-use fermentation to convert sugar into alcohol and CO2 -some also produce lactic acid, acetic acid, & methane |
|
Faculative anaerobes
|
Can survive and grow with or without oxygen
-use fermentation to convert sugar into alcohol and CO2 -some also produce lactic acid, acetic acid, & methane |
|
How bacteria get their energy
|
Nutrition
|
|
Parasites
|
disease-causing bacteria that get their food from living organisms
|
|
Saprophytes
|
Get food from dead and decomposing organic matter (arsenic fish)
|
|
Types of reproduction
|
Asexual, sexual, and endospore
|
|
Binary fission
|
Asexual
"splitting in two" - copy DNA, elongate, septum and cell wall form. Cells separate into two identical cells |
|
Conjugation
|
Sexual reproduction (partly)
Cells link and form bridge - one bacterium transfers part or all of chromo to other, then undergoes binary fission |
|
Plasmids
|
Sexual reproduction
small loops of DNA separate and transfer from one cell to the other. Used in genetic engineering. (key) |
|
Spore formation
|
Endospore
allows bacteria to survive unfavourable conditions. The spore is the dormant stage - when conditions improve, bacteria lose endospore coat and begin to divide normally |
|
Cocci
|
bacteria that is round, easily transferred, resist drying
|
|
Bacilli
|
bacteria that is rod shaped, large surface area for absorbing nutrients
|
|
Spirilli
|
bacteria that is easily transferred, spiral shaped, moves through liquid with ease
|
|
Diplococci
|
arranged in pairs
|
|
staphylococci
|
arranged in clusters
|
|
streptococci
|
long chain
|
|
gram positive
|
thick protein layer on cell wall, 1 membrane, 2 supports rings
|
|
gram negative
|
thin protein layer on cell wall, 2 (inner & outer) membranes, 4 support rings
|
|
obligate aerobes
|
need oxygen
|
|
obligate anaerobes
|
NO oxygen
|
|
Facultative anaerobes
|
can survive and grow with or without oxygen
|
|
Heterotrophic bacteria
|
gets food from other organisms (parasites and saprophytes)
|
|
parasites
|
Heterotrophic. disease causing bacteria that get their food from living organisms
|
|
Saprophytes
|
Heterotrophic. Get their energy from dead and decomposing matter.
|
|
Autotrophic bacteria
|
make their own food (photosynthesis and chemo synthesis)
|
|
Asexual reproduction
|
The majority of bacteria reproduce this way. Reproduce by BINARY FISSION
|
|
Binary Fission
|
copy DNA, elongate, septum and cell wall form, cells separate into two identical cells.
|
|
sexual reproduction
|
Some bacteria reproduce this way. Two ways - CONJUGATION & PLASMIDS
|
|
Antibodies
|
proteins made by body to deactivate an invading bacteria
|
|
phagocytes
|
engulf bacteria
|
|
antitoxins
|
chemicals made by the body to deactivate bacterial toxins
|
|
Fever (standard human fever)
|
boosts immune system and slows growth of bacteria
|