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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What acid is in the stomach?
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HCl
Hydrochloric acid |
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What is the pH of the stomach?
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1-3
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What are the building blocks of proteins?
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Amino Acids
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What are the building blocks of fats?
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esters of glycerols and fatty acids
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What are the building blocks of carbohydrates?
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Simple Sugars
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Define homeostasis.
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The bodies ability to maintain a mostly constant state.
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Define catabolism.
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Reaction that breaks down something into smaller units
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Define anabolism.
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Reaction to makes larger molecules out of smaller units
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Define metabolic rate.
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The rate of the metabolism
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What two hormones are produced by ovaries when they mature?
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estrogen and progesterone
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Why are the testes kept in the scrotum?
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Sperm cells need a slightly lower than body temperature to mature
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Why are capillaries vital to human life?
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Every cell needs to be near blood
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What 2 processes are involved in cell division?
(describe) |
mitosis:
Division of the nucleus into 2 new nuclei (each new nucleus has same # of chromosomes as the "parent" nucleus") Cytokinesis: Division of the cytoplasm |
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define interphase
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Time when the cell is not dividing
-it is performing its normal daily functions |
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When does cytokinesis occur?
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begins during Anaphase,
ends during Telophase |
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What is biology?
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The study of life
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What is chemistry?
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The study of matter
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Most abundant elements in the human body?
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Hydrogen
nitrogen carbon phosphorous oxygen calcium |
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Centrioles?
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-small, cylindrical stuctures
-in cytoplasm just outside nucleus -plays role in mitosis |
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What is the cell membrane made of?
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phospholipids & proteins
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Function of cell membrane?
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Helps keep cell in correct shape
controls what goes in and out |
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Robert Hooke?
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discovered the cell i na sample of cork
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Matthias Schleiden
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discovered that all animals are made of cells
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Theodor Schwan
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discovered that all plants are made of cells
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Rudolph Virchow
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Discovered cell division
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cell theory?
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-All living things are made of cells, which come from pre-existing cells
-smallest unit of life -can be grouped together to make larger organisms |
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Different between Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic cells?
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prokaryotic:
-simplest/smallest -oldest -make up unicellular organisms (bacteria/blue/green algae) -have only one chromosome -dont have membrane around nucleus Eukaryotic: -Larger/younger -make up all multicellular plants, animals and fungi, as well as some unicellular organisms -have a membrane around the nucleus |
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What percent of living organisms are H2O?
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70%-90%
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Where do the chemical reactions needed for life take place?
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Water
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How is water used in the body?
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-as solvent
-as a medium for chemical reactions -as a coolant |
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pH of the body?
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6.8-7.4
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define glycogen
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many glucose molecules joined together; used by animals to store food
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What controls the type and speed of reactions?
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Globular proteins called enzymes
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How do enzymes speed up reactions?
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they lower the activation energy needed
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What is the most important function of vitamins?
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keep enzymes in the correct shape
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How is the tounge involved in digestion?
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combines crushed food with saliva and rolls it into a glob-shaped mass called the bolus
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What is the function of saliva?
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-lubricate the bolus
-contain salivary amylaze, which chemically breaks down starch into glucose -contains an enzyme that kills microbes(like bacteria and fungi) |
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how does th esophagus get the food down?
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muscular contractions of the esophagus wall
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What is heart burn?
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sphrincter not closing properly/fast enough, causing gastric juices from stomach to splash back up into the esophagus
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What does the acid of the stomach do?
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Kills microbes
gives stomachs digestive enzymes their correct shape |
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Pepsin?
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enzyme in stomach gastric juice that breaks bonds on pairs of amino acids
-inactive form: pepsinogen |
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when does food leave the stomach, and what is it called after?
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approximately 3 hours, chyme
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enzymes of the pancreas?
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-procreatic amylase
--finished off digestion of starch to glucose -lipase --breaks down fats into glycerol & fatty acids -trypsin & chymotrypsin --breaks more bonds between more amino acid pairs |
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What is in bile, what does it do, and where is it stored?
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salts
pigments cholesterol -stored in gall bladder -breaks fat droplets into smaller fat droplets |
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What enzymes does the lining of duodenum secrete?
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sucrase
-converts sucrose to glucose lactase -converts lactose to glucose exopeptidases -group of enzymes that breaks down small peptides into single amino acids |
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% nutrients energy?
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sugar - 18%
starch - 28% fat - 42% protein - 12% |
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States of heart?
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Systole - contraction
Diastole - Rest |