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23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is spearman's rank correlation coefficient used for? |
To consider the relationship between two sets of data |
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What is positive correlation? |
As one set of data increases in value the other set also increases |
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How do you perform spearman's rank? |
1. Rank the values from lowest (1) to highest (10) for each category if the values of the same taking average rank (5 would be 5.5) 2. Calculate the rank difference 3. Calculate the rank 4. Interpret the rank |
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What are the spearman's rank values? |
+1 shows perfect positive correlation -1 shows perfect negative correlation 0 shows no correlation |
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What are adaptations? |
Characteristics that increase in organisms chance of survival or reproduction in its env |
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What are the 3 types of adaptations? |
Anatomical, behavioral and physiological |
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Anatomical adaptations and what are 4 main adaptations? |
Physical features such as: Body covering e.g. hair, shells or feathers Camouflage helps animals blend into its environment to make them harder to spot Teeth e.g. castle have molars for chewing grass Mimicry, copying and other animals appearance allows organisms to fool predators |
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What are behaviour adaptations and what are the 3 behaviours? |
Where is an organism acts such as: Survival behaviours like opossums playing dead Courtship (how they attract mates) Seasonal behaviours that allow organisms to cope with changes in the env. |
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What are the 2 seasonal behaviours? |
Migration, when animals move to one region to another and back again when conditions are favourable Hibernation is a period of inactivity in which animal's body temp, breathing and heart rate slows down to conserve energy |
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How are behavioral adaptations acquired? |
They are innate, through genes Or they are learned through experience or observations |
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What are physiological adaptations and the what are the 3 main ones? |
Processes that a place inside an organism such as: Poison production which produces venom or poisons to deter predators Antibiotic production Water holding for desert organisms |
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What are analogous structures? |
Structures that have adapted to perform the same function that have a different origin e.g. fins on whales and fish |
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What is convergent evolution? |
When unrelated species begin to share similar traits due to them adapting to similar environments |
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How are marsupial and placental moles examples of convergent evolution? |
They both have similar climates and burrow to find the same food supply and they have streamline body shape and soft fur so they can easily move through soil |
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What are selection pressures? |
Factors that affect the organisms chance of survival or reproductive success |
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What is natural selection? |
Organisms with gens that makes and better adapted to their env. make them more likely to survive and reproduce so these adaptations will become more common in the population |
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How does natural selection occur? |
1. Organisms within a species show variation in characteristics caused by alleles 2. Organisms whose characteristics are best adapted to a selection pressure have increased chance in surviving and reproducing 3. Successful organisms pass on advantageous alleles to offspring 4. Over several generations the frequency of the allele increases in the populations gene pool 5. Over a long period of time this process can lead to the evolution of a new species |
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How have peppered moths been involved in evolution? |
Pale moths were better adapted to their env. until the industrial revolution so trees became darker and darker moths survived by camouflage |
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How have sheep blowflies been involved in evolution? |
They lay eggs around faecal matter around sheep's tails and diazinon was used as an insecticide but the flies became resistant due to pre-existing resistance to insecticides in their genes |
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How have Flavobacterium been involved in evolution? |
They evolved through an opportunity that had arisen where they live waste water from factories and feed on nylon (beneficial to humans) |
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How do you plot standard deviation bars on a bar graph? |
It is an H (sideways) shape and you plot however many standard deviations above and below the top of the bar |
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What does it mean if there is a significant difference in standard deviation? |
The standard deviation bars do not overlap with each other on the pair of bars on the bar graph |
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What is speciation? |
The development of a new species from an ancestral organism where individuals can no longer breed with the original population to produce fertile offspring |