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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Spontaneous generation; was generally believed as the way that new life formed when actually BIOGENESIS was proven using the scientific method by Fransesco REDI and Louis PASTEUR
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abiogenesis
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"Does life really arise from rotting meat?" ______
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Fransesco REDI (17th century)
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"Does life arise from materials in the air?" ______
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Louis PASTEUR (19th century)
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_______ shows that life comes from pre-existing life, but does NOT explain where the first life came from.
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biogenesis
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Origin of life on Earth Theories:
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-special creation(God)
-extraterrestrial origins, or panspermia -chemosynthesis |
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evidence of organic compounds HAS been found in recovered meteorites... AKA:
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extraterrestrial origins or "Panspermia"
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(chemical reactions occurred here on the young earth that resulted in organic compounds forming and then cells from these) This is by far the most popular scientific theory and probably the best-supported.
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chemosynthesis
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one of the strongest hyposeses:
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chemosynthesis
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chemical evolution of the first cells on the planet earth was put forth by:
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Alexander Oparin (1900s)
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young earth ---->
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1) volatile atmospheric gases (h2, h20, CH4, NH3)
2) warm seas 3) energy from volcanoes, lightening, UV |
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When the seas washed onto shore and the puddles evaporated, the organic molecules were condensed into "packets" which were able to sustain themselves;
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"cells"
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Who were not able to make cells, but did manage to cook up some organic molecules necessary fro cells (amino acids, nucleotides, ATP)
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Stanley Miller and Harold Urey
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self-sustaining cell-like things:
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protocells, coarvates, microspheres
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Evolution and the Big Bang theory have ______ to do with each other
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NOTHING
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solar system estimated to be approximately
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5 byo
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how did the planets form?
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from violent collisions of space debris
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estimated age of the earth:
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4.6 + byo
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first life form found to be:
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3.5 + byo, primitive prokaryotic cells
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the process in which the forces of pressure (gravity) alter the star, it is also important because it is responsible for the production of most of the elements - all elements after H and He
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stellar evolution
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Stages in the life cycle of stars are a vital part on the formation of:
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galaxies, new stars, and planetary systems
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eventually a star will consume its fuel, typically collapsing and setting off another chain reaction of events which cause the star to burn extremely hot and bright
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*
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ages can be determined using elements in the rock - radioactive isotopes like 14C, 40K, 238U
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radioactive analysis
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radioactive isotopes have:
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unstable nuclei that break down, give off radiation, and form new elements
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12C and 14C is the same as:
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14C and 12C
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Once the mollusk dies, it no longer absorbs carbon. The radioactive 14C begins to decay and the amount of 14C in the mollusk shell decreases while the amount of 12C remains the same
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dead organism
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revealed that spontaneously formed amino acids and small peptides could be encouraged to form closed spherical membranes
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microspheres
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went to describe these as protocells: protein spheres that could grow and reproduce
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microspheres
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spherical aggregation of lipid molecules making up a collodial inclusion, which is held together by hydrophobic forces (in other words: collection of droplets that are composed of molecules of nucleic acids and organics formed by the repulsion of water by something like an oil)
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coacervated
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these can spontaneously form under certain conditions
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coacervated
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indicated that important aspects of cellular life can arise with out direction from genes (ex. RNA can act as an enzyme)
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coacervated
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strong evidence suggests that ________ was the 1st molecule
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RNA
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1st life form---->
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thought to be prokaryotes: unicellular, simple anaerobic, heterotrophic (ingested simple molecules)
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competition ensued....
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-chemotrophic autotrophs, uncellular, simple, anaerobic
-photosynthetic autotrophs, unicellular, simple anaerobic -brought changes on earth... helped to add o2 to the air -1st eukaryotes: unicellular, about 1.5 byo; membrane and nucleus and organelles -1st unicellular organisms: about 750 million years ago (fossils) 'fairly recent' |
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the theory that living things have changed over the earth's history
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evolution
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one of the earliest systematic theories was that of:
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Jean Baptiste de Lamarck
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he proposed that organisms developed or lost features due to "use or disuse"
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Jean Baptiste de Lamarck
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the proposal that organisms developed or lost features due to "use or disuse"
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Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics (1809)
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son of a prominent physician in England
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Charles Darwin
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at age 16 his father sent him to the university of edinburgh to study medicine
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Charles Darwin
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enrolled at Christ college at Cambridge to become a clergyman
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Charles Darwin
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in December of 1831 at age 22, this person sailed with the crew of HMS Beagle
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Charles Darwin
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he observed and collected specimens and fossils through part on S. America and the S. Pacific (1831-36)
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Charles Darwin
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he read books on:
-geologic time (Sir Charles Lyell) and was aware that landforms and habitats change over time and that the earth was very old -populations (Thomas Malthus) which proposed that populations do not grow unchecked. There is a limited space, food, and resources so there is a struggle for existence |
Charles Darwin
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off the coast of Ecuador; relatively "young", formed largely from volcanic activity
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the Galapagos Islands
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1844 this person wrote a long essay on the Origin of Species by Natural Selection
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Charles Darwin
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1859 - published The Origin of the Species by Natural Selection
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Charles Darwin
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solar system collapsed inward which created the
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sun
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_______ realized that the earth is VERY old and has a long history of changes.
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Charles Darwin
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_______is the raw material for natural selection.
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variation
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Genetic (allele) variation is:
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GOOD!
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an inherited variation that increases an organism's chance of survival in a particular environment =
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and "adaptation"
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living things face a constant struggle for existence. Predators, food, water are all limited. More organisms are born than can survive.
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Competition
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organisms with that survive (and have favorable variations) will reproduce at a higher rate = "natural selection". This carries over their genes to another generation. Over successive generations, this tends to make a population better suited to its environment.
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Selection
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the three main points in Darwin's book:
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-variation
-competition -selection |
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-natural selection is the differential success in reproduction, and its product is adaptation of organisms to their environment
-natural selection occurs from the interaction between environment and the inherent variability in a population -variations in a population arise by chance but natural selection isnt a chance phenomenon, since environmental factors set definite criteria for reproductive success |
Summary of Darwin's Ideas
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