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116 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the levels of organization in multicellular organisms, from smallest to largest?
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cells
tissues organs organ systems |
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Which system coordinates the body's response to changes in its internal and external environment?
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nervous system
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Which system stores mineral reserves and provides a site for blood cell formation?
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skeletal system
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Which system serves as a barrier against infection and injury?
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endocrine system
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Which system helps protect the body from disease?
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lymphatic/immune
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Which system helps produce voluntary movement, circulate blood, and move food?
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muscular system
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Which system produces reproductive cells?
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reproductive system
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Which system provides oxygen and removes carbon dioxide?
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respiratory system
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Which system eliminates wastes and maintains homeostasis?
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excretory system
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Which system brings materials to cells, fights infection, and helps to regulate body temperature?
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circulatory system
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Which system converts food so it can be used by cells?
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digestive system
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What are the four types of tissues found in the human body?
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epithelial, connective, nervous, muscle
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The eye is an example of an ________.
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organ
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Which type of tissue cover interior and exterior body surfaces?
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epithelial
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What type of tissue connects body parts?
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connective
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The process of maintaining a controlled, stable internal environment is called _________.
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homeostasis
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The process in which a stimulus produces a response that opposes the original stimulus is referred to as _____________.
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feedback inhibition
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What is an example of feedback inhibition?
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thermostat
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In feedback inhibition, the product controls the __________.
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reaction
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The part of the brain that monitors and controls body temperature is the ____________.
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hypothalamus
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What happens if nerve cells sense that the core body temperature has dropped below 37 degrees? What about if it is above 38 degrees?
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shiver
sweat |
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What is the function of the nervous system?
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controls and coordinates functions throughout the body and responds to stimuli
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How are neurons classified?
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by the direction the impulse travels
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What are the three types of neurons?
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sensory
motor interneurons |
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Where does the sensory neuron path travel?
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from the sensory neurons to the the brain and spine
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Where does the motor neuron path travel?
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from the brain and spine to the sensory neurons
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What is the function of the interneurons?
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it connects sensory and motor neurons
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What is the function of the myelin sheath?
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to insulate the axon
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What does the resting potential use?
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sodium and potassium
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The electrical charge across the cell membrane of a neuron in its resting state is called its _______________.
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resting potential
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How does a nerve impulse begin?
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the reversal of charges from inside out
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Action potential results in the reversal of charges due to the flow of __________ ions into a neuron.
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positive
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The minimum level of a stimulus that is required to activate a neuron is called the __________.
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threshold
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How does a nerve impulse follow the all-or-nothing principle?
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either the stimulus will produce an impulse or it wont
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What are neurotransmitters?
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chemicals used by a neuron to transmit an impulse across a synapse to another cell
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Describe what happens when an impulse arrives at an axon terminal.
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the neurotransmitters are released
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What is the function of the central nervous system?
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relays messages, processes and analyzes information
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The central nervous system consists of the _________ and the ______________.
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brain and spinal cord
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Three layers of connective tissue known as ___________ protect the brain and spinal cord.
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meninges
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The brain and spinal cord are bathed and protected by ____________.
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cerebrospinal fluid
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What part of the brain controls voluntary activities of the body?
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cerebrum
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What part of the brain coordinates and balances the actions of the muscles?
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cerebellum
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What part of the brain regulates the flow of information between the brain and the rest of the body?
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brain stem
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What part of the brain receives and relays messages from the sense organs?
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thalamus
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What part of the brain controls hunger, thirst, fatigue, anger, and body temperature?
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hypothalamus
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The two hemispheres of the brain are connected by a band of tissue called the __________.
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corpus callosum
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Identify the four lobes of the brain.
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frontal lobe
temporal lobe parietal lobe occipital lobe |
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The left hemisphere controls the _________ side of the body.
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right
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The outer layer of the cerebrum is called the ______________.
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cerebral cortex
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What is the gray matter, and where is it found?
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densely packed nerve cell bodies; cerebral cortex
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The two regions of the brain stem are the ______________ and _________.
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pons
medulla oblaganta |
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What is the advantage of a reflex?
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it helps us respond to danger immediately without using the brain
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Of the following: which are part of the PNS?
cranial nerves spinal nerves ganglia spinal cord |
spinal nerves
cranial nerves ganglia |
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The PNS is separated into the __________________.
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sensory and motor division
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The PNS's motor division consists of the ___________ and the ____________.
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somatic nervous system
autonomic nervous system |
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The automotic nervous system is___________; the somatic is __________.
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involuntary
voluntary |
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Why is it important to have two systems that control the same organs?
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one speeds up (symp) and one slows down (parasym)
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What are sensory receptors?
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neurons that react to specific stimulus by sending impulses
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List the five general categories of sensory receptors.
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pain receptors
thermoreceptors mechanoreceptors chemoreceptors photoreceptors |
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Where are pain receptors found? What do they detect?
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everywhere except brain
damage to cells |
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Where are thermoreceptors found? What do they detect?
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skin, body core
presence/absence and amount of heat |
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Where are mechanoreceptors found? What do they detect?
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skin, inner ear, muscles
touch, movement, etc. |
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Where are chemoreceptors found? What do they detect?
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nose and tongue
chemicals |
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Where are photoreceptors found? What do they detect?
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eyes, specifically cones and rods
light |
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What category of sensory receptors are sensitive to touch, sound, motion, stretchng, and pressure?
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mechanoreceptors
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Light enters the eye through the _______.
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pupil
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______ detect colors, _______ do not detect colors.
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cones
rods |
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The chamber behind the corea is filled with ______________.
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vitreous humor
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The _______ changes in size to let more or less light enter the eye.
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pupil
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The _________ focuses light on the retina.
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lens
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The function of the iris is to adjust the size of the _______.
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pupil
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Where are the photoreceptors located in the eye?
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retina
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What do photoreceptors do?
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convert light energy into nerve impulses that are carried to the central nervous system
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How do impulses travel from the eyes to the brain?
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optic nerves
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What are the two types of photoreceptors?
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rods and cones
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List the two sensory functions in the ear.
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hearing
detecting postional changes associated with movement |
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The _______ sends nerve impulses to the brain.
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cochlea
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Vibrations enter the ear through the _________.
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auditory canal
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The vibrations in the ear cause the ____________ to vibrate.
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tympanum (ear drum)
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These vibrations are picked up by three tiny bones, called the __________,_________, and __________.
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hammer
anvil stirrup |
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The last bone transmits the vibrations to the _____________, creating pressure waves in the __________.
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oval window
cochlea |
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Tiny hair cells inside the _________ produce nerve impulses that are sent to the brain through the _________ nerve.
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cochlea
cochlear |
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What is the role of hair cells in the cochlea?
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produce nerve impulses to be sent to the brain
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How do the semicircular canals help maintain balance?
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the fluid changes position as you change position
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Your sense of smel is actually an ability to detect __________.
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chemicals
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How does the body detect smell?
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chemoreceptors in the lining of the nasal passageway respond to chemicals
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Much of what we commonly call the taste of food and drink is actually _______.
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smell
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The sense organs that detect taste are called ________.
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taste buds
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List the four different categories of tastes.
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salty
bitter sweet sour |
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What is the largest sense organ?
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skin
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The ________ contains sensory receptors that respond to temperature, touch, and pain.
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skin
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Touch is detected by ___________.
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mechanoreceptors
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Where is the greatest density of touch receptors found in the body?
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fingers, toes, and face
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A __________ is any substance that changes the structure or function of the body.
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drugs
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Among the most powerful drugs are the ones that cause changes in the _______ system especially brain and the synapse between neurons.
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nervous
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How can drugs disrupt the functioning of the nervous system?
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interfers with the neurotransmitters
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Stimulants _________ blood pressure.
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increase
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Depressants ___________ heart rate.
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decreases
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Cocaine acts on the pleasure centers on ________.
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brain
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Opiate reduces ________.
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pain
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Marijuana causes _______ (an organ) damage.
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lung
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Alcohol destroys _________ cells.
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liver
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Nicotine, cocaine, and amphetamine are all _________.
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stimulants
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Alcohol, tranquilizers, and barbiturate are _________.
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depressants
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Cocaine causes the sudden release in the brain of a neurotransmitters called ___________.
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dopamine
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The most widely abused illegal drug is _____________.
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marijuana
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___________ (drug) can cause loss of memory and inability to concenrate.
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marijuana
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One of the most abused legal drugs is _____________.
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alcohol
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What is fetal alcohol syndrome?
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a group of birth defects caused by alcohol in the fetus
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People who have become addicted to alcohol suffer from a disease called _____________.
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alcholism
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How does long term alcohol use affect the body?
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destroys liver cells
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The intentional misuse of any drug or nonmedical purposes is referred to as ________________.
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drug abuse
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An uncontrollable dependence on a drug is known as ____________.
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addiction
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What is psychological dependence on a drug?
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a mental cravig for the drug
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When does physical dependence on a drug occur?
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the body can not function without a constant supply
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How can drug use increase the transmission of HIV, the virus that causes AIDS?
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when drug users share contaminated needles
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