Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Most common elements in living things
|
• Carbon
• Hydrogen • Nitrogen • Oxygen • Sulfur • Phosphorous |
|
Trace Element-
|
critical to health and makes up 0.01% of body mass.
|
|
Element
|
pure substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by chemical/physical means
|
|
Protons
|
(+)- Location: Nucleus
|
|
Electrons
|
(-)- Location: Electron Cloud
|
|
Neutrons
|
neutral)-Location: Nucleus
|
|
Atomic number
|
- the number of protons
|
|
Atomic mass
|
the number of nucleons (protons and neutrons)
|
|
Isotopes
|
same number of protons different number of neutrons
|
|
Ionic bond
|
- an atom takes valence electrons from another. Ex. Li F. metal to non-metal
|
|
Covalent bond
|
- an atom shares valence electrons with other atoms. Ex. O2 (O=O). Nonmetal-nonmetal
|
|
Chemical Reaction
|
a process where an object is chemically converted to another object.
|
|
DRAW STRUCTURE OF WATER
|
see diagram
|
|
Polar Molecule
|
a molecule with charged ends
|
|
H-Bond
|
- a molecule with charged ends
|
|
Unique Properties
|
1. Cohesion- tendency of water molecules to stick to each other—>surface tension
2. Adhesion- attraction between water molecules and other molecules. 3. Temperature Moderation- because of H-Bonding water can resist large temperature changes. • Oceans and large lakes play a big role in climate regulation. • Evaporation |
|
Low Density of Ice
|
solid (ice) is less dense then liquid. H-Bonds force max. Spacing between water molecules.
|
|
Water’s ability to dissolve solvent
|
substance doing the dissolving solute thing being dissolved.
|
|
Acids
|
low pH, sour, contribute to H+ solution. Ex. Lemon juice, vinegar (H+>OH-)
|
|
Bases
|
: high pH, slippery, contribute OH- & may remove H+. Ex. soap (OH->H+)
|
|
Buffers
|
substances that cause a solution to resist pH changes. They can either accept or donate H+ ions. (H2CO3 ← -> HCO3 + H+)
|
|
Functional Groups
|
1. Hydroxyl (OH) Hydrophilic-water loving (common in sugar), dissolves easily
2. Carbonyl (O) add polarity (allows for bonding and dissolving) 3. Carboxyl (C=O-OH) gives acidic properties (organic acids) 4. Amino (N-H-H) gives basic properties |
|
Organic Molecule
|
carbon based molecules
|
|
Monomers to polymers
|
single monomers (glucose) that are put together to make polymers (starch)
|
|
Dehydration Reaction/Condensation Reactions
|
look on diagram
|
|
Hydrolysis Reactions
|
splitting water to break polymers into molymers
|
|
Carbohydrates Characteristics
|
made of hydrogen, oxygen, carbon
|
|
Carbohydrates Building Blocks
|
simple sugars
|
|
Carbohydrates Main Functions
|
energy sources, storage, and structural materials
|
|
Monosaccharide
|
one sugar unit (glucose, fructose)
|
|
Disaccharide
|
sugars with two monosaccharide (sucrose, lactose)
|
|
Polysaccharides
|
long polymer chains made up of simple sugar monomers (starch
|
|
CARBOHYDRATE ELEMENTS
|
C, H, O
|
|
Lipid Characteristics:
|
carbon, hydrogen
|
|
Lipid Building Blocks
|
glycerol and fatty acid chains
|
|
Lipid Main Functions
|
acts as a boundary that surrounds hydrophobic molecules from watery solution.
|
|
Phospholipids
|
: makes up cell membranes. Replace one F-A with a phosphate
|
|
Waxes
|
protection/hydrophobic
|
|
Steroids
|
lipids in which carbon skeletons form 4 fused rings
|
|
Saturated vs. unsaturated fats
|
saturated are packed tightly together. Ex. butter. Unsaturated are packed loosely. Ex. oils.
|
|
LIPID ELEMENTS
|
C, H, O
|
|
Protein Characteristics
|
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
|
|
Protein Building Blocks
|
amino acids
|
|
Amino Acid Stucture
|
see diagram
|
|
Peptide bonds
|
- bonds between amino acids Shape: Protein structure determines its function (lock key structure)
|
|
Denaturation
|
high temperature or extreme pH causes proteins to lose their shape.
|
|
Enzymes
|
• Made of proteins
• Build up or break down molecules • Enzyme is uncharged by the reaction |