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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Disease
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Anything (excluding injuries) that disrupts the normal function of the body
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Causes of disease
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Abnormal DNA (hemophilia, cystic fibrosis, sickle-cell anemia, etc)
Environmental factors (cigarette smoke, UV rays, radiation, chemicals) Pathogens (bacteria, fungi, viruses, protists, worms) |
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Germ Theory developed by:
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Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch
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Koch's Postulates
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-Pathogens are always in bodies of sick organisms, not in healthy ones
(He isolated pathogen, grew in pure culture) -Lab culture placed in healthy host will cause same disease |
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Lyme Disease
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1975- A. Steere identified using Koch's postulates
Caused by tick bite |
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Pathogens cause damage by:
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Attacking/breaking down tissues
Producing toxins to disrupt metabolism Removing needed nutrients as parasites Viruses causing cells to burst |
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Methods of spreading (5)
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Airborne
Physical touch Contaminated water/food Vectors Sexual contact |
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Antibiotics kill ______ only
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Bacteria
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Penicillin discovered by:
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Alexander Fleming, 1928
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Antiviral drugs
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Work on viruses only, inhibit ability to invade cells, target enzymes needed by the virus to replicate
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1st line of defense: keep pathogens out
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skin
mucus stomach lysozymes |
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2nd line of defense: inflammatory response
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blood vessels expand-swelling
leukocytes go to infection macrophages white blood cell count increases fever kills heat sensitive pathogens heart rate and metabolism speed up interferons produced |
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3rd line of defense: specific response- 3 types
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Humoral, Cell-mediated, Permanent
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Humoral Immunity
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Antibodies bind to pathogens
Blood vessels near wound expand Macrophages (activate helper T cells) T cells help activate B cells Memory B cells create immunity to pathogen |
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Cell Mediated
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No antibodies
Killer T cells attach to and destroy antigen-marked pathogen cells directly Used on eukaryotic cells (virus infected host) |
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Permanent Immunity
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Quick response of memory B and T cells to same pathogen a 2nd time
disease often wiped out in 2-3 days without symptoms |
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Allergy
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An overreaction of the immune system to a non-harmful antigen
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Mast cells
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Immune cells common in nasal region
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Allergens
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Bind to mast cells and activate them
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Histamines
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Chemicals released by mast cells that produce allergic reactions
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Asthma
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Allergic reaction when smooth muscle in the airways contracts, making breathing difficult
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Autoimmune Disease
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The body mistakes self from non self and attacks the body's own cells
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Rheumatic Fever
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Streptococrus bacteria from strep throat have similar antigens to proteins on cardiac muscle cells, antibodies may attack cardiac muscle- can be treated with antibiotics.
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Multiple Sclerosis
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Antibodies attack myelin sheaths of nerves, may be viral. Symptoms = numbness, loss of motor skills, weakness, dizziness, double vision, tremors.
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Myasthenia gravis
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Antibodies attack neuromuscular junctions and block acetycholine receptors, symptoms = drooping eyelids, extreme muscle fatigue, paralysis.
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HIV attacks _________ cells and replicates within _____ cells. Spread by ______ _______ only.
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Helper T, immune, bodily fluids
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Tumors
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Masses of growing cancerous tissue
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Metastasis
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Spreading of the malignant tumor
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Pamage
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Tumors absorb nutrients needed by other cells, block nerve connections and prevent organ function.
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Papillomavirus and hepatitis B can cause ______
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cancer
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