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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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_____ is all the chemical reactions that occur in living cells
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metabolism
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when ATP reacts with water during a hydrolysis reaction, the bond between ATP's outermost phosphate group and its neighbor is broken, resulting in the formation of ___
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ADP (ATP with one less phosphate group)
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the reaction of ATP with water in a hydrolysis reaction, forming ADP, is highly ____, releasing energy
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exergonic
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____ reactions require an input of energy
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endergonic
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a ______ of energy raises the temp of 1g of water 1ºC
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kilocalorie
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under standard conditions, a total of 7.3____ of energy per mole of ATP is released during the ATP/hydrolysis reaction
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kilocalories
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the addition of a phosphate group to a substrate is called _____
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phosphorylation
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phosphorylation of proteins is exergonic/endergonic?
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exergonic because the electrons in ADP and the phosphate group have much less potential energy than they did in ATP--in phosphorylation it is ADDING the phosphate to something ELSE, so it is LEAVING the ATP.
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____ reactions involve the loss or gain of one or more electrons
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reduction-oxidation reaction, or redox reactions
the atom that loses electrons is oxidized, the atom that gains electrons is reduced |
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LEO the lion goes GER means what?
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Loss of Electrons is Oxidation
Gain of Electrons is Reduction |
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a reactant that acts as an electron donor is always associated with a reactant that acts as an electron _____
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electron donors are always paired with electron acceptors
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during a ____ reaction, an electron can be transferred completely from one atom to another, or an electron can simply shift its position in a covalent bond
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redox reaction
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when something is reduced, it gains/loses electrons?
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gains
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in many redox reactions, reduction means adding what atoms? and oxidation means removing what atoms?
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hydrogen atoms
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electron carriers, such as NADH, are said to have ____ power.
why? |
reducing power. because electron carriers like NADH readily donate electrons
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why is ATP unstable and not stored in the cell?
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because it has such high potential energy
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which is more efficient? cellular respiration or fermentation
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cellular respiration is much more efficient and is the primary source of ATP
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what are the four steps of cellular respiration?
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1. glycolysis
2. pyruvate processing 3. citric acid cycle 4. electron transport and chemiosmosis |
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_______ is defined as any suite of reactions that produces ATP in an electron transport chain
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cellular respiration
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1. glycolysis- what goes in? what comes out?
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in- glucose
out- NADH, and ATP |
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2. Pyruvate processing- what goes in, and what comes out?
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in- pyruvate (two for every glucose)
out- NADH and CO2 |
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3. Citric acid cycle- what goes in, and what comes out?
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in- acetyl CoA
out- NADH, FADH2, ATP |
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4. Electron transport chain- what goes in, and what comes out?
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in- NADH, FADH2, O2.
Out- ATP, H2O |
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all 10 reactions of glycolysis occur in the ______
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cytosol
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in glycolysis, ____ ATP are used up before any are produced
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two ATP are used to start glycolysis
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what glycolytic enzyme is inhibited by high levels of ATP, stopping glycolysis?
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phosphofructokinase
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pyruvate reacts with coenzyme A (CoA) and produces_______
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acetyl CoA
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in eukaryotes, the pyruvate produced by glycolysis is transported from the cytosol to what organelle?
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mitochondria
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pyruvate processing is under both ___ and ___ control. large supplies of products inhibit the enzyme complex. large supplies of reactants and low supplies of products stimulate it.
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under positive and negative control
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the citric acid cycle oxidizes ____ to ____
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acetyl CoA is oxidized to CO2
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in eukaryotes, most of the enzymes responsible for the citric acid cycle are located in the _______
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mitochondrial matrix
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what are the four products of the citric acid cycle?
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CO2, NADH, FADH2 AND GTP
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glycolysis, pyruvate processing, and the citric acid cycle transfer electrons from glucose to NAD⁺ and FAD, creating ____ and ____
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NADH and FADH₂
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NADH and FADH₂ carry electrons to ____, which serves as the final electron acceptor
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oxygen serves as the final electron acceptor
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the molecules responsible for the oxidation of NADH and FADH₂ are designated the __________
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electron transport chain
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what gradient does the ETC establish?
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a proton gradient
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after the proton gradient is established, a stream of protons through the enzyme ______ drives the production of ATP from ADP and Pᵢ
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ATP synthase
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once the electrons at the bottom of the ETC are accepted by ___ to form water, the oxidation of ___ is complete
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accepted by oxygen to form water, the oxidation of glucose is complete
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the production of ATP via a proton gradient is called _______
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chemiosmosis
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the complex consisting of the F₀ unit and the spinning F₁ unit is called ____
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ATP synthase
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cells that do not use oxygen as an electron acceptor cannot generate as large of a potential energy difference as those that do use oxygen. as a result, they make more/less ATP?
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less ATP
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____ is a metabolic pathway that regenerates NAD⁺ from stockpiles of NADH. It allows glycolysis to continue producing ATP in the absence of the electron acceptor required by the ETC.
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fermentation
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does fermentation use an ETC? why/why not?
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no, because there is no electron acceptor present
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____ forms a product molecule called lactate and regenerates NAD⁺
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lactic acid fermentation
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what type of fermentation reaction metabolizes sugar, giving off carbon dioxide to cause bread to rise and carbonate beer?
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alcohol fermenation
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____ that exist solely through fermentation are present in high numbers in the oxygen-free environment of your small intestine
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bacteria
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fermentation produces __ molecules of ATP for each molecule of glucose metabolized
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2 ATP
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why does fermentation produce 15 times less ATP than aerobic respiration?
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because oxygen has much higher electronegativity than electron acceptors used in fermentation, such as pyruvate
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cells have two fundamental requirements; ___ and ___
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energy and carbon
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why do cells need a source of high energy electrons?
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to generate energy in the form of ATP
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why do cells need carbon?
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to synthesize DNA, RNA, proteins, fatty acids, and other molecules
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when carbohydrates, fats and proteins are all available in the cell to generate ATP via catabolic pathways, in what order are they used?
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1. carbohydrates 2. fats 3. proteins
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excess glucose is converted to ___ and stored
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glycogen
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