Biology Endocrine Study Guide

A system of ductless glands that secrete chemical messages or hormones into bloodstreams that carry to specific target

Pituitary glands

Thyroid

Parathyroid

Adrenal gland

Pineal gland

Thymus

Portions of :

Pancreas

Gonads

Brain

A.k.a. Neurohypophysis

Back half

A.k.a. Adenhypophysis

Front half

Hypothalamus

Another part of brain

Deep inside

Produces hormones that control, body temperature, heart rate and hunger

Made by hypothalamus and pituitary releases

A hormone that controls contraction during childbirth

Uterus is induced with Pitocin, which is synthetic oxytocin

Made by hypothalamus the pituitary releases

Antidiuretic hormone

H2O regulator

Kidneys, clean, blood recycle compounds, And water

Caffeine inhibits ADH makes, you pee, pulls out water

FSH

LH

TSH

ACTH

Prolactin

GH or HGH

Follicle-stimulating hormone

Anterior pituitary

Target: ovaries and testes

And women, it promotes development of egg and in men it promotes development of sperm

Luteinizing Hormone

Promote : ovulation

Testosterone

Target : testes

Fallopian tube

Tricks body into believing pregnancy by causing the levels of FSH and LH to go down

Thyroid stimulating hormone

Target : thyroid

Promotes : the release of thyroid hormones, and normal body development

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

Biological clock

Circadian rhythm normal routine

A lot of stress lot of ACTH

Stress hormone

Lact

promotes development of breast milk for women, and not major for men

Target mammory gland

Human growth hormone

Promote, skeletal muscle and bone growth

Banned as a PED

Endurance athletes take to recover

Largest pure endocrine gland

Location : neck

Hypo / hyper thyroidism

Hyper destroys or gets rid of

Take hormones

Iodine equals no goiter

Calcitonin lowers calcium levels

Lactose intolerant get calcium from orange juice

Regulate blood pressure and metabolism

Study hormones

Within thyroid

Chief cells destroy, or digest bones, osteoclasts

On top of thyroid, go to bone osteoclast

Parathyroid hormone

Increase calcium levels

Use later when in need of calcium

Oxyoclast stem there for a reason

Location : above kidneys

Two regions : adrenal medulla

Adrenal cortex

Center of gland

Corticosteroids and corticohormones

Steroid/lipid

Banned

Aldosterone- NA build muscle mass

Regulate minerals and inorganic compounds

Steroid/lipid

Cortizone – anti-inflammatory, reduce swelling

Helps regulate glucose and bloodstream and regulate amount of blood in your body

Adrenal cortex

Man: estrogen

Women: testosterone

Second sex characteristics

Puberty

Surround cortex

Secrete, lots of hormones

Increase heart rate

Homeostasis

Adrenaline, EpiPen

Heart rate increase to flush out of system

Sick to stomach, pee yourself

Fight or flight

Counteract epinephrine

Attached a small intestine

Mixed organ

Islets of Langerhans

Diabetes

Scatter pancreas

1. Alpha cells

2. Beta cells

Release will need to increase sugar in the blood stream

Target : liver

Help regulate sugar/carbohydrates

Glucagon - glycogen

Carbohydrates in bloodstream, leftover transport to liver, stored as glycogen

More beta than alpha

Insulin, sugar

Released to mediate/ remove sugar into all cells for cellular energy

Hypoglycemia equals low sugar and hyperglycemia equals high sugar

Type one – juvenile

Can’t/not enough/rejecting

So insulin-dependent

Type two – mature onset

Later in life, mostly overweight

Poly equals many/excessive

1) polyphagia – excessive hunger

2) polyuria – excessive urination

3) polydipsia – excessive thirst

70 ~ 120 ppm

1950 – diabetes treatment grind up cow pancreas now bacteria made

Cellular metabolism:

1) no sugar – use proteins, and fat

Ends up in kidneys and pees out insulin/sugar

Can’t make sugar than use proteins/fat

2) ketones – organic acid

Lower blood pH 7.2–7.3

3) ketoacidosis- coma, could die

Mimics, diabetes

Protein and fat to burn fat, lack sugar

Can only do for about two weeks must back off before keto acidosis occurs very dangerous

Location: brain, small portion, deep inside

Pineal

Help regulate sleep cycle

Older you get less you release

Why your grandparents get up so early

HIBERNATION

Winter solstice versus summer solstice

Melatonin is not secreted with UV light

Bears pick up, on less uv which secretes more melatonin

UV rays penetrate cave, so bears secrete, less melatonin, and come out of hibernation

The older you get the more it shrinks

Prime. At puberty

WBC/immune system

T – lymphocytes – tells pituitary gland to release

1) testes

2) ovary

Testosterone

Production of sperm, making muscle mass, red blood cell production, bone mass, overall fitness

Estrogen – second sex characteristics

Progesterone – menstrual cycle

Osteoporosis/bone mass

Endometrin – lining of uterus, egg, released and prepares for pregnancy

Endometriosis – inflamed endometrium, prevent pregnancy

Chemical signal that is secreted into blood to a target(s)

1) amino acid base

2) steroid base

3) Eicosanoids

Protein

Protein target

Receptors outside the cell target

Receptors are signals for something to bind to

Lipid

Corticosteroids

Gonadal hormones

Only two glands

Lipids are liquid and not soluble in water

Lipids

Secreted by cells and not glands

Local effect on cells in that area

Biologically, active, lipid

Do not enter bloodstream

Leukotrienes

Prostaglandins

Eicosanoids

Combines with cells and nose and causes to release reaction to sinus

Allergic reactions

Histamine reaction

Histamine throat reaction

Chemical released by cell

Blood clot

Induce pain

Uterine contractions

Can have one or many

Cell membrane permeability

Stimulate protein/enzyme production

Activate or deactivate enzymes

Induced secretions

Stimulate mitosis