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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
If there are 20 centromeres in a cell how many chromosomes are there?
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20
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If a cell has 8 chromosomes at metaphase of mitosis, how many chromosomes will it have during anaphase?
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16
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During which phases of mitosis do we find chromosomes composed of 2 chromatids?
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from G2 of interphase through mitosis
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The MPF protein complex turns itself off by
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activating an enzyme that destroys cyclin
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If mammalian cells recieve a go-ahead signal at the G1 checkpoint, they will
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complete the cycle and divide
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Cells that are in a nondividing state are in which phase?
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G0
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What causes the rhythmic change in cyclin concentration in the cell cycle?
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its destruction by an enzyme phosphorylated by MPF
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If the liver cells of an animal have 24 chromosomes, its sperm cells would have how many chromosomes?
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12
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When does the synaptonemal complex disappear?
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late prophase of meiosis 1
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Recombinant chromosomes are the result of
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crossing-over
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Why are the absorption spectrums for chlorophyll a and the action spectrum for photosynthesis different?
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other pigments absorb light in addition to chlorophyll a
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In the thylakoid membranes, what is the main role of the antenna pigment molecules?
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harvest photons and transfer light energy to the reaction-center chlorophyll
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Where is the electron transport chain found in plant cells?
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thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts
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What do both mitochondria and chloroplasts have in common?
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chemiosmosis and ATP synthase
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Where do the enzymatic reactions of the Calvin cycle take place?
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stroma of the chloroplast
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In an experiment studying photosynthesis performed during the day, you provide a plant with radioactive carbon (14C) dioxide as a metabolic tracer. The 14C is incorporated first into oxaloacetate. The plant is best characterized as a
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C4 plant
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Plants that fix CO2 into organic acids at night when the stomata are open and carry out the Calvin cycle during the day when the stomata are closed are called
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CAM plants
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Where are the proteins of the electron transport chain located?
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mitochondrial inner membrane
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Where is ATP synthase located in the mitochondrion?
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inner membrane
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How many molecules of carbon dioxide (CO2) would be released from the complete aerobic respiration of a molecule of sucrose (C12H22O11), a disaccharide?
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12
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The oxygen consumed during cellular respiration is directly involved in
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accepting electrons at the end of the electron transport chain
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In addition to ATP, what are the end products of glycolysis?
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NADH and pyruvate
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Cellular respiration harvests the most chemical energy from which process?
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transferring electrons from organic molecules to oxygen
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During aerobic respiration, electrons travel downhill in which sequence?
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food > glycolysis > krebs cycle > NADH > ATP
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In chemiosmotic phosphorylation, what is the most direct source of energy that is used to convert ADP + Pi to ATP?
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energy released from movement of protons through ATP synthase
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During aerobic cellular respiration, a proton gradient in mitochrondria will be generated by _______ and used primarily for ______
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the electron transport chain... ATP synthesis
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Where is ATP synthase located in the mitochondrion?
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inner membrane
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How many moles of ATP are produced from the complete oxidation of a mole of glucose in cellular respiration?
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36
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How many carbon atoms feed into the krebs cycle
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2
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How does an enzyme catalyze a reaction?
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by lowering the energy of activation of a reaction
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During a laboratory experiment, you discover that an enzyme-catalyzed reaction has a G of -20 kcal/mol. You double the amount of enzyme in the reaction, and the G now equals
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-20 kcal/mol
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Whenever energy is transformed, there is always an increase in the
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entropy of the universe
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According to the induced fit hypothesis of enzyme function
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the binding of the substrate changes the shape of the enzyme slightly
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A chemical reaction that has a positive G is correctly described as
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endergonic
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What is true regarding catabolic pathways?
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they release energy as they degrade polymers to monomers
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What is part of the first law of thermodynamics?
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energy cannot be created or destroyed
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Molecules capable of interacting must first overcome a thermodynamic barrier known as the reaction's
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activation energy
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Which of the following is the most randomized form of energy?
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thermal (heat) energy
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A cross between homozygous purple-flowered and homozygous white-flowered pea plants results in offspring with purple flowers. This demonstrates
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dominance
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A couple who are both carriers of the gene for cystic fibrosis have 2 children who have cystic fibrosis. What is the probability that their next child will be phenotypically normal?
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75%
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The offspring of 2 heterozygous purple-flowering plants (Pp x Pp) results in
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purple-flowered plants and white-flowered plants
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Albinism is caused by a recessive autosomal allele. What is the genotype of an albino child?
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homozygous recessive
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A 1:2:1 phenotypic ratio in the F2 generation of a monohybrid cross is a sign of
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incomplete dominance
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What is an example of polygenic inheritance?
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skin pigmentation in humans
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What is the relationship between seed color and flower color that Mendel studied?
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they are linked on the same chromosome
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