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138 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How many missed labs can be made up during the semester?
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2
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True or False: Only two electrons can simultaneously exist in any energy level.
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true
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How many electrons does an orbital hold when it is full?
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2
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An element that readily goes through a reduction reaction is probably:
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An element with seven electrons in its outer shell
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What would you predict about a molecule in which nitrogen is bonded to oxygen?
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It would be a nonpolar molecule
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A functional group, already known to enable hydrogen bonding, is found on a new class of previously unknown molecules. Based on the presence of this functional group, what would you predict about these new macromolecules?
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They would be able to engage in hydrogen bonding
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In what reaction would you expect the splitting of water to occur?
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degradation
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A polymer with the chemical formula C_125 H_250 O_125 is isolated in a lab. What is the classification?
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Complex Carbohydrate
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In what molecule are you likely to find 1-6 carbon bonds?
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Glycogen
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What component of the Watson-Crick model of the structure of DNA directly explains Chargraff's rules?
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The base-pairing rules
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Which nucleotide bases have two rings?
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A and G
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What components of a nucleotide engage in the formation of phosphodiester bonds?
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5' phosphate and 3' OH
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An amino acid with a negatively charged R group would most certainly be classified as:
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Acidic
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How many different amino acids can be used to build protiens?
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20
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Which molecules are likely to find as a component of cell membranes?
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Phospholipids, Carbohydrates, Steroids
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Which lipids are commonly used as an energy storage molecule?
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Triglycerides
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What property makes phospolipids unique among all polymers?
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They are ampiphatic
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What is the significant conclusion of the Beadle and Tatum experiment?
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Genes are discrete genetic units that encode protein enzymes
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What is the function of Eukaryotic RNA polymerase I?
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Transcribe rRNA
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If part of the coding strand of a gene is CCGTTAC, what do we expect the corresponding sequence of the RNA to be?
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CCGUUAC
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What part of a gene would a repressor molecule bind to?
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Operator
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Which genetic process relies on branch point binding for success?
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Eukaryotic mRNA splicing
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What molecules have a continuous coding sequence?
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Eukaryotic mRNA mature transcript, Prokaryotic mRNA operons
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How is it possible for 4 nucleotides to encode the the information necessary to build protiens made of 20 different amino acids?
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nucleotides are read in codons
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What does it mean when we say that the genetic code is "degenerate"?
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Some amino acids are coded for by more than one codon
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What is involved in the prokaryotic initiation of translation?
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The RBS, Met initiator tRNA, energy from GTP
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What is the enzymatic function of the ribosome?
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Peptide bond formation
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What is the direct result of the charging reaction?
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Binding an amino acid to tRNA
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What step of translation does not require energy input?
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Peptide bond formation
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the fact that there are fewer tRNAs than codons is possible because:
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wobble pairing
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tRNA molecules usually occupy the binding sites of the ribosome in what order?
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APE
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1.Lipoproteins are structures made of phospholipids and proteins. They are used to transport other molecules in the bloodstream. In an experiment, you isolate a sample of lipoproteins and compare the surface area of the lipoproteins to the surface area of the phospholipids that make up those lipoproteins. You find a 1:1 ratio in the surface area of the phospholipids to the surface area of the lipoproteins. What would you conclude from these data?
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The phospholipids from the lipoproteins form a micelle
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What do we know about phospholipid aggregations in water?
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Phospholipid aggregates in water have an organized structure
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Various membrane proteins can function as:
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Membrane proteins can have any of the above functions
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1.Pizza left out overnight after watching a late football game is put in the refrigerator (for later consumption). How will the bacteria growing on the pizza likely respond to the cooler temperature?
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Add phospholipids with shorter and more unsaturated fatty acid chains
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What types of membrane molecules are modified with the addition of a carbohydrate?
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Lipids, Protiens
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What would you expect about a transmembrane domain, based on the types of interactions it is likely to encounter?
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It is hydrophobic
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What type of transport protein would be used to move two different ions into a cell at the same time, using ATP energy?
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A symporter
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What movement would be predicted for a small nonpolar molecule that is highly concentrated outside of a cell?
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It would move into the cell via simple diffusion
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What process of transport is directly accomplished with a receptor rather than a transporter?
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Endocytosis
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What process is responsible for the movement of water in and out of a cell?
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Osmosis
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Which of the following is not a statement of the original cell theory?
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Cells range in size from 1 um to 1 mm
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Which of the following cells can most easily meet its need for energy and biomolocules ?
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A cell with a SA greater than V
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What is a common component in the cytoplasm of all cells?
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Ribosomes
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What would have cells lacking an endoplasmic reticulum?
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A bacterium
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What structure controls the movement of biomolecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm?
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Nuclear Pores
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1.For a scientific experiment you want to block the process of the synthesis and secretion of a protein before the protein reaches the Golgi complex. A drug that interferes with which of the following structures would be an effective means of doing so?
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The transport vesicles
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1.Rapidly dividing and growing cells require excessive amounts of the lipid vitamin folate. During the time that cells are rapidly dividing, which cellular component would be expanded as a direct result of the need for excess folate?
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The smooth endoplasmic reticulum
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1.Which structure contains enzymes used by the cell to breakdown old organelles and digest phagocytosed food particles?
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Lysosome
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1.Which of the components of the cytoskeleton can be rapidly and frequently lengthened and shortened?
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Microtubules, Microfilament
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1.Potatoes are plant structures primarily used to store starch energy. What organelle would you likely find in excess in potatoes?
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Leukoplasts
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1.Which of the following are primarily involved in cellular respiration and energy metabolism?
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The mitochondrial matrix
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1.A poison that disrupts the structural support system of both plants and bacteria leaves animal cells unharmed. Based on this information, what is the likely target of the poison?
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The cell wall
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The “swimming” type movement of some cells is accomplished with which structures?
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Flagella
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1.Which component of the cytoskeleton resembles two strings of beads wound loosely together?
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Microfilaments
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1.What is the function of integrin proteins?
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They anchor the cytoskeleton directly to the extra cellular matrix
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1.The capacity to do work and cause change is the definition of:
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Energy
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1.Under normal conditions, nature dictates that:
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Entropy is increasing with time
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1.In an energetically closed system at a constant temperature and pressure, the reversible reaction, KL ↔ MN occurs. If the G (free energy) = 3 in KL and G = 7 in MN, then:
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a.KL → MN is likely coupled to ATP hydrolysis
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1.What molecule is the “energy currency” of the cell and supplies energy to most reactions that need energy input?
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ATP
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1.The initial energy barrier of a reaction is known as:
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Activation Energy
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1.The rate of a biological reaction is primarily determined by:
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The activation energy
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What is the primary function of enzymes?
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a.To destabilize existing bonds, thereby lowering the activation energy of reactions
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1.In Biological organisms, the transfer of electrons in redox reactions is usually accompanied by the transfer of:
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Hydrogen
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1.What controls the direction of transfer of electrons between electron carriers?
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Affinity for eletrons
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1.Where do photosynthetic light reactions take place?
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Thylakoid Membrane
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1.Which photosynthetic component is responsible for capturing light energy?
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Photosystems
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1.Electrons that enter the entire photosynthetic process end their journey how?
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By reducing carbon based sugars
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1.At what point during the light reactions do electrons have the most energy?
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a.In the reaction center of photosystem I
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1.What is the product of carbon fixation?
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3-PGA
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1.Which steps in the Calvin Cycle require ATP hydrolysis?
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Carbon Fixation, Regeneration
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1.After the first two steps of the Calvin cycle are completed once, how many G3P molecules are produced?
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2
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1.What two basic compounds can be directly exchanged between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?
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H2O and CO2
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1.Similarity exists between the thylakoid disc space and the intermembrane space of the mitochondria because:
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a.They both serve as a place to house a high concentration of protons
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1.How are the processes of the oxidation of pyruvate and the Krebs cycle similar?
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a.They both involve decarboxylation reactions
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1.Which two processes may immediately follow glycolysis, depending on the presence/absence of oxygen?
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a.The oxidation pyruvate or fermentation
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1.Which of the following best represents the stages of cellular respiration?
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a.The oxidation of pyruvate, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain/chemiosmosis
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1.The fermentation of which product includes a decarboxylation reaction?
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Ethanol
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1.Which step in the catabolism of glucose is directly responsible for the majority of ATP production?
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Chemiosmosis
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1.What is the per-glucose output of carbon from the Krebs cycle?
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4 CO2
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1.Besides the metabolism of simple sugars, the metabolism of which macromolecule can enter the Krebs cycle as acetyl-CoA?
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Fatty Acids
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1.A small gap in the mitochondrial membrane that disrupts the integrity of the phospholipids, but not the proteins embedded in the membrane, will directly affect which process?
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Oxidative Phosphorolation
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1.In the experiments presented in class as evidence for chemiosmosis, why did the experiment with ATP synthase and bacteriorhodopsin in the dark produce no ATP?
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a.Because no proton gradient was produced by bacteriorhodopsin
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1.During which of the following reactions is an electron carrier oxidized?
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Fermentation, ETC
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1.One of the fundamental differences between movement of energy and matter in an ecosystem is that:
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Energy flows in one direction, while matter is cycled
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1.Energy stored only as ________ can be transferred between trophic levels.
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Chemical Bonds
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1.What limits the number of trophic levels in a food chain?
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a.The exponential loss of energy between trophic levels
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1.Fixation is defined as:
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a.A type of incorporation where an inorganic gas is converted to an organic solid
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1.Terrestrial ecosystem water cycling depends on what?
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a.Trees and other plants to perform transpiration
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1.Large-scale deforestation is likely to result in which of the following effects?
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a.An increase in the amount of water flow in the streams, leading to excess water loss in that ecosystem
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1.Which of the processes below are causing an imbalance in the carbon cycle?
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Industrial Combustion
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1.Which of the following elements are primarily responsible for eutrophication in the oceans?
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Nitrogen
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1.The cycling of hydrogen and oxygen are most closely tied to the cycling of which other element?
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Carbon
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1.Which of the following elements are often limiting nutrients in an ecosystem?
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Phosphorus and Nitrogen
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1.An imbalance in the cycling of which of the following elements is directly responsible for acid rain?
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Sulfur
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1.Which populations typically display exponential growth?
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Populations that are small
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1.The maximum population size an ecosystem can support over a long period of time is:
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Carrying Capactiy
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1.What is the allele frequency of an allele that occurs 100 times in a population with 1000 haploid individuals?
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10%
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1.The specific combination of alleles in an individual is referred to as:
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Genotype
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1.One reason two individuals with different genotypes might have the same phenotype is:
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Genetic Dominance
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1.What is the relationship between evolution and natural selection?
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a.Natural selection is a theory that best explains the directly observed phenomenon of evolution
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1.In artificial selection, why do future generations have different characteristics than their ancestral populations?
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a.Because only a few animals in a generation reproduce and the future generations reflect the characteristics of the breeders, rather than the entire ancestral population
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1.Observational and experimental studies of evolution have shown that:
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a.Substantial evolutionary change can occur rapidly—in as few as 12 generations
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1.Which of the following are not known to cause evolutionary change?
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a.Inheritance of acquired characteristics
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1.What evolutionary mechanism is the source of variation upon which natural selection can act?
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Mutation
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1.Founder effects and bottlenecks typically lead to stronger influence of which evolutionary mechanism?
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Genetic Drift
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1.Which evolutionary mechanism consistently maintains similarities between populations of a species?
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Mutation and Gene Flow
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1.Which evolutionary mechanism consistently maintains similarities between populations of a species?
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a.Traits favorable in an environment become more common through differences in reproductive success
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1.The venom of a wild population of snakes paralyzes their only food source in an average of 97 seconds. Twenty generations later, the descendents of the original population now paralyzes their food in an average of 92 seconds. This is most likely an example of:
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Directional Selection
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1.Which of the following are likely to cause sympatric speciation?
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Polyploidy
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1.Two animals are considered separate species because a post-zygotic barrier to reproduction exists. Which of the following could be the cause of such species differences?
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Sterility of offspring
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1.What MUST precede any episode of speciation?
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a.Blockage of gene flow between groups of individuals
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1.What would you predict about a molecule in which carbon is bonded to hydrogen?
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it would be nonpolar
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1.An element that readily goes through a reduction reaction is probably:
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a.An element with seven electrons in its outer shell
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1.A functional group, already known to enable hydrogen bonding, is found on a new class of previously unknown macromolecules. Based on the presence of this functional group, what would you predict about these new macromolecules?
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a.They would be able to engage in hydrogen bonding
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1.What is the monomer of complex carbohydrate polymers?
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Glucose
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1.What type of simple sugar is typically used when transporting energy storage molecules?
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Disaccharides
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1.In which of the following molecules are you likely to find the most 1-6 carbon bonds?
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Glycogen
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1.What type of bonds link individual amino acids together to form a protein?
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Peptide bonds
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1.Which of the following is not a component of nucleic acids?
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carboxyl group
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1.Which of the following is one of the two component molecules of fats?
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Glycerol
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1.Protein coding RNA includes which of the following types of RNA?
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mRNA
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1.Which of the following is true regarding RNA polymerase?
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a.It builds RNA strands in the 5’ 3’ direction
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1.If part of the coding strand of a gene is CCGTTAC, what do we expect the corresponding sequence of the RNA to be?
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a.CCGUUAC
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1.tRNAs bind to which end of an amino acid?
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the carboxyl group
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1.Which enzyme joins amino acids to the correct tRNA?
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a.Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase
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1.Which of the following is not part of the termination step of translation?
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a.The polyadenylation signal sequence (AAUAAA)
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1.Liposomes are artificial structures that have an aqueous center and can be used in drug delivery. In an experiment, you isolate a sample of liposomes and compare the surface area of the liposomes to the surface area of the phospholipids that make up those liposomes. You find a 2:1 ratio in the surface area of the phospholipids to the surface area of the lipoproteins. What would you conclude from these data?
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a.The phospholipids from the liposomes form a bilayer
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1.Which of the following molecules would have the lowest permeability in a pure phospholipid bilayer?
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Glycogen
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1.Which of the following is a membrane protein function that can be accomplished with peripheral proteins which are located entirely on the inside of the cell?
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Enzyme
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1.Which transport protein can move two different ions in different directions across a cell membrane?
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Anitporter
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1.Active transport requires which of following?
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an energy source
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1.Which of the following statements is true regarding a hypotonic solution?
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water moves into a cell
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1.What cell structure is responsible for transport of material between the rough ER and the Golgi complex?
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vesicles
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1.What is the site of ribosome assembly in the cell?
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the nuclolous
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1.Rapidly dividing and growing cells require excessive amounts of the lipid vitamin folate. During the time that cells are rapidly dividing, which cellular component would be expanded as a direct result of the need for excess folate?
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the smooth ER
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1.In which organelle would you be likely to find cristae?
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mitochondria
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1.A poison that disrupts the structural support system of both plants and bacteria leaves animal cells unharmed. Based on this information, what is the likely target of the poison?
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the cell wall
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