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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
all of the types of life within one region - all of the animals and all of the plants
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community
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brings in the concept of abiotic factors
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ecosystem
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A _____ includes all the organisms inhabiting a particular area.
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community
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A community can be _____ or _____ depending on what you want to look at.
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small, large
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All organisms are _____ in some way or another
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symbiotic
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_____ occurs when a shared resource is limited. Example?
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Competition, Bears and squirrels both need acorns, nest trees for birds
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What type of interspecific interaction benefits both partners?
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Mutualism
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An example of Mutualism
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Reef-building corals
- Photsynthetic dinoflagellates and coral polyps; provides at least half of the sugars (energy) for corals; In this case the animal is the coral and the dinoflagellate is the producer. |
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_____ leads to diverse adaptations in prey species.
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Predation
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The effect for the predator is _____ while the effect for the prey is _____.
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positive, negative
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Some of the developed defenses of prey against predators
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Camouflage, Mechanical defenses, Chemical defenses
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A type of interspecific interaction that is like predation but not usually fatal
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herbivory
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In herbivory, _____ must expend _____ to replace the loss.
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plants, energy
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Plants have many defenses against herbivory such as _____, _____, and _____.
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spines, thorns, chemical toxins
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_____ are heavily preyed on in herbivory systems.
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Plants
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_____ and _____ can affect community composition.
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Parasites, pathogens
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Parasites live _____ or _____ a host from which it obtains nourishment
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in, on
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Examples of internal parasites:
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nematodes and tapeworms
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Examples of external parasites:
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mosquitoes and ticks
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disease-causing parasites
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pathogens
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Pathogens can highly affect the _____.
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composition
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Some examples of pathogens:
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bacteria, viruses, fungi, protists
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Examples of parasite and pathogen relationships:
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- American chestnut devastate by chestnut blight protist
- A fungus-like pathogen currently causing sudden oak death on the West Coast - "White Nose Fungus" currently reduced brown bat populations in Pittsburg by 90% |
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Producers, a.k.a. _____, support all other _____ levels.
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autotrophs, trophic
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an organism that can make its own food
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autotroph
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Autotrophs are _____ producers. Examples are _____ on land and _____ in water.
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photosynthetic, plants, cyanobacteria
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_____ eat autotrophs.
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Heterotrophs
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Species diversity is defined by _____ and _____.
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species richness, relative abundance
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how many species there are
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species richness
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compares the number of one species to all the others; looks at the proportion of one species compared to the entire community
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relative abundance
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Plant species diversity in a community affects the _____.
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animals
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With a _____ species, the impact on a community is larger than its biomass or abundance indicates.
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keystone
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A keystone species has a place in the community that maintains _____ and _____ ratios of other species.
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diversity, abundance
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An example of a keystone species:
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sea star- keystone species in the mussel beds
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With the sea-star urchin (prey) reduced, another _____ takes over and _____ the community.
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mollusk, dominates
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anything that damages the biological communities
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disturbance
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examples of disturbances:
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storms, fire, floods, droughts, overgrazing, human activity
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Disturbances can be _____ and/or _____.
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natural, man-made
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Communities have had a long time to evolve along with _____ disturbances, such as _____, _____, _____, _____
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natural, storms, fire, flood, droughts
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_____ and _____ are new disturbances.
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Overgrazing, human activity
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The _____, _____, and _____ of disturbances vary from community to community.
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types, frequency, serverity
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Humans may be _____ or _____ the characteristics of disturbances.
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increasing, changing
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Example of humans increasing disturbance:
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Burning of grasslands to promote grass growth, instead of trees. Some people look at that as something that is not natural and is a man-made disturbance
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Types of succession:
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primary, secondary
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_____ succession is kind of rare.
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primary
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Primary succession begins in an area with no _____.
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soil
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Examples of primary succession.
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1. Volcanoes - will cover the soil, just a lava-rock surface that forms on top; has to decompose in weather and develop new soil
2. Beaches -> Coastal Areas: A barrier island that is washed all the time and soil doesn't develop on the edge. You see a line of succession as you go inland to a greater and greater accumulation of soil. |
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We don't see primary succession around here, because we have _____.
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soil
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What type of succession has the characteristics of a new community growing, but the soil is still intact?
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Secondary succession
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In secondary succession, no _____ remains, only _____.
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community, soil
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Examples of secondary succession:
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Fire, plowing, stripping away parking lots pavement where there hasn't been any plant life for awhile.
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In ecosystem ecology, the energy starts with the _____, which is trapped by _____ and _____ and leaves as _____. The _____ in an ecosystem are cycled. They're never really lost, but stored in some other nutrient pool.
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sun, photosynthesizers, heterotrophs, heat, chemicals
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relationships with individuals of other species in the community that greatly affect population structure and dynamics
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interspecific interactions
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Trophic levels:
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Producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, tertiary consumers, quaternary consumers
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