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142 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Biogenesis |
Biogenesis is the production of new living organisms or organelles |
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Who created the law of biogenesis? |
The law of biogenesis, attributed to Louis Pasteur, is the observation that living things come only from other living things, by reproduction (e.g. a spider lays eggs, which develop into spiders). |
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Spontaneous Generation |
the supposed production of living organisms from nonliving matter |
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What is biology? |
The study of life using the Scientific Method |
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What are the two parts of the scientific method? |
Collecting data (observing) and creating descriptions of reality (models). |
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What are the requirements for a scientific model? |
Consistent data, no better model, or provides a useful way of thinking about our universe. |
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What are the five characteristics of life? |
1. (Cellular) Organization 2. Responsive to the Environment 3. Adapt and Evolve 4. Reproduction 5. Grow and Develop |
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Ecosystem |
Community of organisms(biotic) that live in a particular area, along with their nonliving (abiotic) surroundings |
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Community |
Group of interacting populations of different species that live together in an area |
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Biotic |
Living (part of an ecosystem) |
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Population |
Group of individuals of the same species living in a particular place at a certain time |
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Abiotic |
Nonliving (part of an ecosystem) |
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Species |
Group of organisms that are able to produce fertile young and share common genes to resemble each other |
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What is the lowest level of ecological organization? |
Organism |
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Organism |
One individual living thing |
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How do you write a hypothesis? |
If... Then... Because... |
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Microscope- Stage |
Part of the microscope that supports the slide |
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Microscope- Cover Slip |
Small piece that is used to cover a water drop on a slide |
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Microscope- Slide |
Small glass plate on which specimen are paced for viewing |
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Microscope- Power |
The degree of magnication for a lens |
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Microscope- Eyepiece |
Allows you to view the image. Contains the ocular lens |
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Microscope- Nosepiece |
Holds the objective lenses. Able to rotate to change magnification |
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Microscope- Objective Lens |
Found on the nosepiece. Range from high to low power. |
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Microscope- Stage Clips |
These are used to hold a slide in place on the stage |
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Microscope- Light Source |
Sends light upwards through the diaphragm to light up the specimen. |
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Microscope- Arm |
Part on the side of a microscope that is used to support it when it is carried |
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Microscope- Coarse Adjustment Knob |
Moves the stage up and down |
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Microscope- Fine Adjustment Knob |
Moves the stage slightly to help you "fine" tune your view |
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Microscope- Diaphragm |
Helps you to adjust the amount of light that reaches the specimen |
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Microscope- Base |
The bottom part of the microscope |
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What are elements? |
Substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical reactions. |
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What are compounds? |
Two or more elements chemically combined. |
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Name two structures of compounds |
Inorganic compounds Organic compounds |
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Inorganic Compounds |
Small simple non-carbon containing substances.Examples: water, many simple acids and bases, and simple salts. |
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Organic Compounds |
Carbon-containing compounds that are generally large and complex. Present in living things. |
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What information does the periodic table provide? |
Elements name Symbol Atomic number Atomic mass |
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How are the elements on the periodic table arranged? |
By order of the atomic number |
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What are the most common elements among living things? |
Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Oxygen |
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What is an atom? |
Building blocks of matter.Smallest portion of an element that retains its chemical properties. |
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What is the structure of the atom? |
Nucleus (Protons - postitive charged particlesNeutrons - no charge) and electron cloud (electrons - negative charged particles) |
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How do you determine the number of subatomic particles per element? |
Protons = atomic number Electrons = number of protons Neutrons = atomic mass minus atomic numberProtons + Neutrons = atomic mass |
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What are the three types of chemical bonds? |
Covalent bond Ionic bond Hydrogen bond |
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Covalent Bond |
Chemical bond involved in the sharing of electrons. |
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Ionic Bond |
Chemical bond involved in the transfer of electrons |
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Hydrogen Bond |
A weak attractive force existing between a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge and an electronegative atom with a partial negative change. |
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Base |
Compounds that forms hydroxide ions. |
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Acid |
Compound that forms hydrogen ions. |
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pH Scale |
Measurement system used to indicate the concentration of hydrogen ions in solution. Ranges 0-14, 7 is neutral, 0-6 is acidic, and 8-14 is a base |
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Cell |
Simplest unit of living matter that can maintain life and reproduce itself (made up of organelles) |
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Organ |
An organization of several different kinds of tissues so arranged that together they can perform a special function |
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Tissue |
An organization of a great many similar cells and varying amounts and kinds of non living, intercellular substances between them |
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Organ System |
An organization of varying numbers and kinds of organs so arranged that together they can perform complex functions for the body |
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What are the molecules that all living things are made up of? |
1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic Acids |
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Polymer |
Long molecules made up of many similar building blocks (monomers) |
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Monomer
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Small building blocks to make polymers |
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Examples of Polymers |
1. Carbohydrates 2. Proteins 3. Nucleic Acids |
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What are the monomers for carbohydrates? |
Monosaccarides (simple sugars- glucose, fructose, and galactose) |
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What are the monomers for lipids? |
Glycerol and fatty acids |
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What are the monomers for proteins? |
Amino Acids |
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What are the monomers for nucleic acids? |
Nucleotides |
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When does dehydration occur? |
During the synthesis of a polymer, two monomers bond through the loss of a water molecule |
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When does hydrolysis occur? |
During the breakdown of a polymer, a water molecule is reattached. |
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What are polysaccharides and their function? |
Carbohydrate macromolecules made of many sugar monomers Storage and structure (ex: starch, cellulose, and glycogen) |
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What are disaccharides? |
Two joined monosaccharides (macros, sucrose, lactose) |
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What are the pyrimidines? |
Cytosine Thymine (T in DNA) Uracil (R in RNA) |
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What are the purines? |
Guanine Adenine |
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What do nucleotides consist of? |
1. Nitrogenous base 2. Pentose sugar 3. Phosphate group |
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Producers |
An organism that can make its own food |
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Consumers |
An organism that gets energy by eating other organisms |
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Herbivores |
Consumers that eat only plants |
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Carnivore |
Consumers that eat only meats |
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Omnivores |
Consumers that eat both plants and animals |
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Decomposers |
An organism that gets its energy by eating wastes and dead organisms (examples are mushrooms and bacteria) raw material is returned to the ecosystem |
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Food Chain |
Shows a series of organisms that eat other organisms |
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Who is the first organism in a food chain? |
Producers |
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What is the organism that eats the producer? |
First level consumer |
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What is the organism that eats the first level consumer? |
Secondary consumer |
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Which level of the energy pyramid has the most energy? |
The first level |
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Tertiary Consumer |
Animal that eats secondary consumers |
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Ecological Succession |
A regular pattern of change over time in the types of species in a community |
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What causes succession? |
Serious disturbances ex: volcanoes, windstorms, fire, anthropogenic |
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What are the two types of succession? |
Primary Secondary |
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What do plants complete for? |
1. Sunlight 2. Space 3. Water 4. Nutrients |
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What are the 5 steps of succession? |
1. Annual Plants- grasses and weeds quickly move in (1 year) 2. Perennial weeds and grasses (2-3 years) 3. Shrubs and small trees (3-10 years) 4. Young pine forest (20 years) 5. Mature hardwood forest oak (150 years, Climax community) |
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Pioneers |
The first organism to colonize any newly available area and start the process of succession; they grow rapidly and produce many seeds. |
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Primary Succession |
Succession that occurs on surface where no ecosystem existed before.Ex: Volcanic Eruption, glacial retreats, urban areas. |
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Lichens |
Composed of fungus and algae |
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Symbiotic Relationship |
Close, long term relationship |
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Mutualistic Relationship |
Animals living with a mutually beneficial association |
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Is a sidewalk with plants growing in it considered primary or secondary succession? |
Primary |
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Is an abandoned farmers field considered primary or secondary succession? |
Secondary |
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Secondary Succession |
Succession that occurs on a surface where an ecosystem has perviously existedex. mt. st. helens |
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Which is faster: primary or secondary succession? |
Primary. Secondary succession is faster than primary succession because soil is already there and the soil usually contains many nutrients. |
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Tundra |
Very cold and dry biome located in the Northern hemisphere that has very little vegetation |
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Boreal Forest |
A forested biome found in the far north that has a climate that is below freezing for half the year and is full of coniferous trees |
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Temperate Deciduous Forest |
A forested biome found in Temperate climates that has four very distinct seasons |
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Temperate Rainforest |
A forested biome found along coastlines that is very cool and wet with very tall trees |
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Grassland |
A biome that can be in both temperate and tropical climates and is covered in deep rooted grasses that are well adapted to drought |
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Tropical Rainforest |
Found around the equator and has a wet and warm climate year round allowing for the growth of a dense canopy of tall trees |
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Desert |
Occurs in both temperate and tropical reigions with hot days and cold nights. Rainfall is minimal in this biome and the plants and animals are adapted to reduce water loss |
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Biome |
Large reigions that have similar biotic and abiotic components |
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Savannah |
Biome characterized by grasses and scattered trees in climates that receive less precipitation than some other tropical areas; occur in Africa, South America, and Australia |
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Temperate Woodlands (Chaparral) |
A scrubland biome of dense, spiny evergreen shrubs found at midlatitudes along coasts where cold ocean currents circulate offshore; characterized by mild, rainy winters and long, hot, dry summers. |
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Temperate Grassland |
A grassland biome with scattered individual trees, large herbivores, summers are hot, winters are cold, moderate ranfall; maintained by occasional fires and drought |
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Cell |
A membrane bound structure that is the basic unit of life |
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Cell Membrane |
The lipid bilayer that forms the outer boundary of the cell |
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Cell Theory |
This says that all living things are made of cells, that cells are the basic unit of structure and function and that cells only come from other cells |
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Cell Wall |
A rigid structure that surrounds the cells of plants and most bacteria |
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Chloroplast |
A rigid structure that surrounds the cells of plants and most bacteria |
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Cytoplasm |
The region of the cell between the cell membrane and the nucleus |
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Cytoskeleton |
A network of long protein strands in the cytosol that helps support the cell |
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Eukaryote |
A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles |
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Golgi Apparatus |
A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the cell |
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Lysosome |
An organelle containing digestive enzymes |
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Mitochondria |
Powerhouse of the cell, produces energy (ATP) from oxygen and sugar(Cellular respiration) |
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Nuclear Envelope |
A double membrane that surrounds the nucleus in the cell |
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Nucleolus |
The organelle where ribosomes are made, synthesized and partially assembled, located in the nucleus |
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Nucleus |
The organelle that contains the DNA and controls the processes of the cell |
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Organelle |
One of several bodies with a specialized function that is suspended in the cytosol of the cell |
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Ribosome |
An organelle that functions in the synthesis of proteins |
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Prokaryote |
A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles |
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Vacuole |
Stores water and nutrients for the cell; very large in plant cells |
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Vesicle |
A membrane bound sac that contains materials involved in transport of the cell. |
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Endoplasmic Reticulum |
An internal membrane system in which components of cell membrane and some proteins are constructed |
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Rough ER |
That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes. |
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Smooth ER |
That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that is free of ribosomes. |
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Flagella |
Whiplike tails found in one-celled organisms to aid in movement |
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Pili |
Allow prokaryotes to attach to surfaces and to each other and allows them to transfer DNA. |
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Diffusion |
Movement of molecules from a higher to lower concentration until equilibrium is reached |
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What are the two types of Diffusion? |
Facilitated Diffusion Simple Diffusion |
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What happens in Simple Diffusion? |
Small molecules are able to move through gaps between the phospholipid molecules in membranes |
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What happens in Facilitated Diffusion? |
They pass through carrier or channel proteins in the membrane, and their movement is facilitated by a protein. Molecules moving DOWN their concentration gradient |
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Which molecules pass through Simple Diffusion? |
Small molecules. O2, CO2, H2O |
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Which molecules pass through facilitated Diffusion? |
Large Polar Molecules. such as glucose, amino acids and nucleotides. |
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Osmosis |
The passive movement of water molecules from a region of low solute concentration to a region of high solute concentration through a semi-permeable membrane |
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Turgid |
A plant cell has taken in the maximum amount of water |
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Hypertonic |
Low water potential |
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Isotonic |
Equal on both sides |
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Hypotonic |
High water potential |
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Active Transport |
This is an energy requiring process in which there is movement of molecules or ions AGAINST a concentration gradient, from a region of low concentration to a region of high concentration |
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Where is the only place active transport can occur? |
In living tissue where energy from the ATP is present |
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Passive Transport |
The movement of a substance across a membrane WITH the concentration gradient |