Biology Lab 4 Cell Structure And Function

States that all living things are composed of cells and that cells come only from other cells

Content of a cell

Cytoplasm bounded by this. Regulates the movement of molecules into and out of the cytoplasm.

- Do not contain nuclei

- Don't have membrane bound organelles

- Nucleoids, a region in the cell interior in which DNA is physically organized but not enclosed by a membrane

Components of prokaryotic cell

Stored nutrients for later use

Site of protein synthesis

Rotating filament present in some bacteria that pushes the cell forward

Hairlike bristles that allow adhesion to surfaces

Location of the bacterial chromosome DNA

sheath around cytoplasm that regulates entrance and exit of molecules

covering that supports, shapes and protects cell

gel-like coating outside cell wall made up of a polysaccharide layer called glycocalyx

Polysaccharide around the cell wall

- Located in eukaryotic cell and bounded by a nuclear envelope and contains nucleoplasm

Found between the plasma membrane and nucleus, consists of a gel like fluid and the organelles

Structures of Plant Cells

Structures of Animal Cells

Different structures in animal and plant cells

- Composition: Contains cellulose (Type of carbohydrate only found in plants) fibrils

- Function: Provides support and protection

* Plants and some prokaryotes

- Composition: Phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins

- Function: Outer cell surface that regulates entrance and exit of molecules

- Composition: Enclosed by nuclear envelope; contains chromatin (threads of DNA and protein)

- Function: Stores genetic information; synthesizes DNA and RNA

- Composition: Concentrated area of chromatin

- Function: Produces subunits of ribosomes

- Composition: Protein and RNA in two subunits

- Function: Coordinates protein synthesis

- Composition: Membranous, flattened channels and tubular canals

- Function: Synthesizes and/or modifies proteins and other substances; transport by vesicle formation

- Composition: Studded with ribosomes

- Function: Protein synthesis

- Composition: Lacks ribosomes

- Function: Synthesizes lipid molecules

- Composition: Stack of membranous saccules

- Function: Processes, packages, and distributes proteins and lipids

- Composition: Membrane bounded sac

- Function: Stores and transports substances

- Composition: Vesicles containing hydrolotic enzymes

- Function: Digests macromolecules and cell parts

- Composition: Vesicle containing specific enzymes

- Function: Breaks down fatty acids and converts resulting hydrogen peroxide to water; various other functions

- Composition: Membranous cristae bounded by double membrane with matrix within the folds

- Function: Carries out cellular respiration, producing ATP molecules

- Composition: Membranous thylakoids within stroma bounded by double membrane

- Function: Carries out photosynthesis, producing sugars

* Plants only

- Composition: Microtubules, intermediate filaments, actin filaments

- Function: Maintains cell shape and assists movement of cell parts

- Composition: Attachments supported by microtubules

- Function: Movement of cell, substances

- Composition: Microtubule-containing, cylindrically shaped organelle in a structure of complex composition

- Function: Centrioles organize microtubules in cilia and flagella; centrosome organizes microtubules in cell

*Animal cells only

Identify the structures of a plant cell

Identify the structures of an animal cell

Identify Elodea structures in distilled water and 10% Salt: Cell Wall, chloroplasts, nucleus, vacuole

Identify Anabaena structures: cells, cell wall

Identify Amoeba structures: cytoplasm, nucleus, pseudopodium

Identify Bacterial Shapes: Spirillum (Spiral)

Identify Bacterial Shapes: Bacillus (Rod-like)

Identify Bacterial Shapes: Coccus (Spherical)

How do amoeba move?

directed flow of cytosol (the liquid component of the cytoplasm) and organelles around large fungal and plant cells.

Movement of molecules from higher to a lower concentration until equilibrium is achieved

When molecules are distributed equally Molecules still moving back and forth but no net movement in any one direction

Speed of diffusion factors

Diffusion of water across the plasma membrane of a cell

Water follows its concentration gradient and moves from the area of higher concentration to the area of lower concentration

Particles in a solution that can be dissolved by the solvent

The medium which dissolves the solute in a solution

a liquid mixture in which the minor component (the solute) is uniformly distributed within the major component (the solvent)

process of particles, which are sometimes called solutes, moving through a solution or gas from an area with a higher number of particles to an area with a lower number of particles usually though a cell membrane

Relative concentration of solute (and therefore of solvent) outside the cell compared with inside the cell

Same concentration of solute (therefore water) as the cell

- No net movement of water into or out of the cell

Higher concentration of solute (therefore lower water) than the cell

- Water moves out of the cell into the solution

Lower concentration of solute (therefore higher water)

- Waters moves into the cell from the solution

Process of a blood cell shriveling up when placed in a hypertonic solution due to loss of water

* Animal Cell

Process of blood cell swelling to bursting due to gain of water in a hypotonic solution

* Animal Cell

Large central vacuole gains water and exerts pressure, causing the cytoplasm including the chloroplasts to be pushed up against the cell wall by placing in a hypotonic solution

* Plant Cells

Central vacuole loses water and the cytoplasm including the chloroplasts pulls away from the cell wall scrunched in the middle when placed in a hypertonic solution

* Plant Cells

What happens to animals cells when placed in hypotonic solution?

What happens to animal cells when placed in hypertonic solution?

What happens to plant cells when placed in hypotonic solution?

What happens to plant cells when placed in hypertonic solution?

Membranous canals and vacuoles (Organelles) (4)

Energy related organelles (2)