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108 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Ocular Lens
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Nearest to your eye
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Monocular
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When microscope only has one ocular lens.
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binocular
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When microscope has 2 lenses
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Interpupillary Adjustment
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Distance between ocular lenses.
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Most ocular lenses magnify ___x
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10x
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Pointer
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thin black line you see when looking through ocular lenses
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Objective Lens
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Lenses that are closest to the specimen. (usually 3/4)
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Rotating nosepiece
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rotating piece on which the objective lenses are attached.
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Total magnification
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10x times objective lens magnification
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Body tube
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Part on microscope between ocular and objective lenses
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Mechanical Stage
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Platform on which slide is placed
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Substage
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Area under the stage
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Iris diaphragm
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regulates the amount of light that shines through the slide by means of a lever that moves back and forth
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Condenser
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Focuses the light on the specimen (rotate knob)
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Base
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Bottom of microscope
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illuminator
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light source
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What numbers of intensity does the illuminator offer?
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1-10
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Arm
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connects the body tube to the stage and the base
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What is the larger knob on the microscope called?
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coarse focus
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What is the smaller knob on the microscope called?
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fine focus
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What are the levels of classification in order
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Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
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What are the 5 kingdoms in the Whittaker System?
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Monera, Protista, Fungi, plantae, Animalia
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What are the 3 domains of the cladistic system?
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bacteria, archaea, eukarya
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Bacteria
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-prokaryotic
-circular DNA, no membrane bound organelles -peptidoglycan in cell wall -1 RNA polymerase |
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Archaea
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-prokaryotic
- circular DNA -no peptidoglycan in cell wall -Multiple RNA polymerases |
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Eukarya
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-Chromosomes not circular
- membrane bound organelles |
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What are the decomposers of our world?
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Bacteria and fungi
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What three organisms lead to human diseases?
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bacteria, protists, fungi
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All bacteria are ______
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prokaryotic
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Bacteria reproduce by_________
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binary fission
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Binary fission
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Reproduction in bacteria, cell lengthens, DNA replicates cell membrane pinches in
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Bacteria produce 2 _______ daughter cells.
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identical
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Gram Staining
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method used to stain bacteria so that they can be viewed. =
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Heat fixing
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used while gram staining to make sure bacteria stick to the slide.
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What is the process used for gram staining? (in detail all steps)
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1. Draw and oval and place bacteria on slide
2: heat fix the slide 3: dip in crystal violet for 30 seconds 4: rise off crystal violet 5: Dip in iodine for 60 seconds 6: rinse off iodine 7: Add 1 drop of alcohol 8: Rinse in water 9: Dip in safranin for 90 seconds 10: Rinse safranin off |
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coccus
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round shapes bacteria
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bacillus
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elogated or oval shape
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spirillum
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spiral shaped bacteria
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What color are Gram Positive bacteria?
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purple.
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What color are Gram Negative bacteria?
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pink
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Describe cell wall of Gram Positive Bacteria
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thick peptidoglycan cell wall.
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Describe cell wall of Gram Negative Bacteria
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Thick lipid bilayer followed by a thin layer of peptidoglycan wall
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What drugs are gram positive bacteria sensitive to?
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streptomycin and tetracycline
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What is one thing that gram positive bacteria have that allows then to survive dessiccation, heat and chemicals?
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resting spores
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autotrophic
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can make their own food
-photosynthetic -chemosynthetic |
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heterotrophic
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need to consume other organisms or plants in order to survive
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What is the common names for cyanobacteria?
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blue-green algae
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Where are cyanobacteria usually found?
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wet places
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How to cyanobacteria reproduce?
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fission
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heterocysts
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special cells with thick cell walls that keep themselves oxygen free. They are used to fix nitrogen into ammonium
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Why do heterocysts have to remain oxygen free?
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heterocysts fix nitrogen and the enzyme that does this breaks down in the presence of oxygen
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Azolla
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water fern that floats on the water surface
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What are the two types of cyanobacteria?
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1: gleocapsa
2: anabaena |
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Describe protists
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-eukaryotic
-can be unicellular or multicellular |
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When organisms reproduce sexually they cycle between a ________ state and a ________ state
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haploid diploid
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Haploid state is produced via __?
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meiosis
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Diploid state is created via ____?
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fertilization
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What class is under the phylum chrysophyta?
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navicula
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Diatoms
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-unicellular
-photosynthetic algae -can be found in fresh and salt water |
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What are the genus within Rhizopoda?
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-amoeba
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Nucleus
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contains DNA
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pseudopodia
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long projections from the center of the organisms that are used in capturing food and in locomotion
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What is the genus under the phylum sarcostigophora?
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trichonympha
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Where are the genus trichonympha found?
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inside termite guts
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mutualistic relationship
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both organisms benefit
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flagella
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long moving filaments covering the cell...used in locomotion
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parasitic relationship
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only one benefits while the other is harmed
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commensalistic relationship
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one organism benefits while the other is not hurt
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What is the genus under the phylum euglenophyta?
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Euglena
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Pellicle
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thin, elastic and tough outer layer of the organism Euglena
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What are the function of chloroplasts?
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carry out photosynthesis
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Contractile vacuole
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round structure that removes excess water from the cell
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photoreceptor
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found near flagella, functions to percieve light. reddish orange color
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What is the genus under the category ciliophora?
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paramecium
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Describe parameciums
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- unicellular
-heterotrophic -green color |
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Cilia
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small projections that cover the cell that aid in locomotion
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Oral Cavity
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groove that leads to the mouth
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Contractile Vacuole
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removes water from the cell
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Conjugation
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method of sexual reprodution in paramecium
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What is the genus under the category myxomycota?
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physarum
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What is the common name for physarum?
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slime mold
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plasmodium
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active growing stage of slime mold (physarum)
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sclerotium
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dormant dry resting stage of slime mold (physarum)
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What are the genus's under chlorophyta?
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volvox and oedogonium
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colony
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group of cells
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oogamy
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process by which the organism produces eggs and sperm
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How is a daughter colony formed?
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smaller spheres form in the large colony. when the large colony splits apart the daughter colony is formed.
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zygospore
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fusion of male and female gametes
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holdfast
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terminal cell that job is to adhere to surfaces using specialized projections
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antheridia
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specialized cell that produces male gemete-sperm
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oogonia
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specialized cell that produced the female gamete-egg
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describe chlorophyta
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-photosynthetic
- unicellular or multicellular -green algae |
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describe phaeophyta
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-multicellular
-brown algae - abundant in oceans |
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What is the genus under the phylum phaephyta
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fucus
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Blade
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flattened wide leaf-like structure
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conceptacle
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structure that contains the reproductive organs
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What is the genus under the phylum rhodophyta?
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polysohponia
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Describe rhodophyta
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-multicellular
-photosynthetic -red algae |
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cystocarp
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strcuture on the female gametophyte that houses carpospores
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carpospores
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diploid that results from fertilization
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What are the walls of fungi made of?
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chitin
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What is the common name for zygomycota?
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bread mold
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What is the genus under the phylum zygomycota?
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Rhizopus
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hyphae
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filaments made of haploid cells arranged end to end
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mycelium
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mass of hyphae. considered the gametophyte generation
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rhizoids
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short hyphae that attach to a surface
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sporangia
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round asexual bodies that produce spores
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zygospores
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dipolod zygote
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