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86 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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This is a organisms complete set of DNA. |
Genome |
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There are how many pairs of chromosomes? |
23 pairs |
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How many autosomes? |
44 autosomes |
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How many sex chromosomes? |
2 sex chromosomes |
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Prokaryotic genome has what? |
1) Double stranded circular DNA 2) found in nucleoid 3) smaller circular dna called plasmids |
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Eukaryotic genome contains what |
Several double stranded, linear DNA bound with proteins to form chromosomes, a specific number of chromosomes, found in nuclei |
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These are non sex cells |
Somatic cells |
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Human somatic cells have how many chromosomes? |
46 |
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Sex cells have how many chromosomes |
23 chromosomes |
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Sex cells are also called what |
Gametes |
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These are short segments of the genome that determine specific characteristics by coding for specific proteins |
Genes |
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Physical characteristics displayed as traits are these |
Phenotypes |
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This is the location of a gene |
Locus |
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Non coding regions are called this |
Introns |
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Coding regions are called this |
Exons |
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What happens during interphase |
Cell undergoes normal processes & prepares for cell division |
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Explain 3 stages of interphase |
1) G1 phase: little visible change 2) s phase: DNA is synthesized, centrosomes are duplicated 3) G2 phase: cell replenishes energy |
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Name 6 phases of mitosis |
Prophase, promethaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis |
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What happens during prophase |
Chromosomes condense, spindle fibers emerge, nuclear envelope breaks down, centrosomes move towards opposite ends |
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What happens during prometaphase? |
Kinetochores appear, Mitotic spindle microtubules attach to kinetochores |
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What happens during metaphase? |
Chromosomes are lined up at metaphase plate, each chromatid is attached to a spindle fiber |
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What happens during anaphase? |
Centromeres split in two, sister chromatids are pulled toward opposite ends of cell, spindle fibers elongate the cell |
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What happens during telophase? |
Chromatids arrive at opposite poles, nuclear envelope developes |
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What happens during cytokinesis? |
Animal cells: cleavage furrow separates daughter cells Plant cells: cell plate separates daughter cells |
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This is two sister chromatids held together at the centromere |
Dyad |
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This is two homologous chromosomes paired (four chromatids) |
Tetrad |
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This is the same gene but on different chromatids |
Alleles |
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This is a protein complex at the centromere of a chromosome |
Kinetochore |
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These are normal genes that become oncogenes (cancer causing genes) when mutated |
Proto-oncogenes |
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These are genes that suppress tumors. When these genes become mutated, they cannot suppress tumors |
Tumor suppressor genes |
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How do prokaryotic cells reproduce? |
Binary fission |
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How complicated and how fast is prokaryotic cell division compared to eukaryotes? |
Less complicated and much quicker |
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What is the dna of the nucleoid in prokaryotes associated with? |
Associated with proteins that aid in packaging the molecule into a compact size |
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Where is the origin of replication close to? |
Close to the binding site of the chromosome to the plasma membrane |
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In what direction does the replication of DNA go in? |
Bidirectional |
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How do plant daughter cells separate? |
A septum forms between the nucleoids toward the center. When the new cell walls are in place, the daughter cells separates |
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This is where DNA replication begins |
Origin of replication |
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This unwinds and unzips DNA |
Helicase |
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This is the point where DNA is unzipped |
Replication fork |
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This is where single strand DNA is converted to double strand DNA continuously |
Leading strand |
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Where single strand DNA is converted to double strand DNA discontinuously in fragments |
Lagging strand |
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Enzyme which adds RNA primers |
Primase |
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Enzyme that links okazaki fragments together |
Ligase |
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What are the three life cycles of sexually reproducing organisms |
Diploid dominant, haploid dominant, alternation of generation |
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This multicellular diploid stage is the most obvious stage in animals |
Diploid dominant |
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This multicellular haploid stage is the most obvious in fungi |
Haploid dominant |
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Multicellular haploid and diploid stages share equal time |
Alteration of generations |
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Alteration of generations is most obvious stage for which organisms? |
Plants and some algae |
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A multicellular diploid stage of plants |
Sporophyte |
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Multicellular haploid stage of plants |
Gametophyte |
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The union of two haploid gametes from two individual organisms of the same species |
Fertilization |
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What happens during Prophase I |
Chromosomes condense and nuclear envelope starts to break down |
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What happens during prometaphase I? |
Spindle microtubules attach to Kinetochores at centromeres of chromosomes |
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What happens during metaphase I? |
Tetrads line up at equator |
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What happens during anaphase I? |
Tetrads are pulled apart |
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What happens during telophase I? |
Chromosomes arrive at opposite poles of the cell |
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What happens during cytokinesis I? |
Separation into two haploid daughter cells |
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What happens during interkinesis? |
A rest phase where cell is not dividing |
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What happens during Prophase II? |
Centrosomes are duplicated & move to opposite sides of the nucleus. New spindles are formed |
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What happens during prometaphase II? |
Spindle fiber microtubules attach to Kinetochores at the centromere of chromosomes |
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What happens during metaphase II? |
Dyads line up at equator |
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What happens during anaphase II? |
Dyads are pulled apart |
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What happens during cytokinesis II? |
Separation into four haploid daughter cells |
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This is the number and appearance of chromosomes |
Karyotype |
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These photograph the chromosomes and cut and paste them into a karyogram |
Cytologists |
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These are used to identify chromosomal abnormalities |
Karyograms |
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These are chromosomes 1-22 |
Autosomes |
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These are the X and Y chromosomes |
Sex chromosomes |
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This is an error during cell division where chromosomes are non symmetrically separated among daughter cells |
Nondisjunction |
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What does the trisomy of chromosome 21 result in? |
Down syndrome |
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These are chromosomes within a somatic cell that have the same genes, are the same size, and have the same location of the centromere |
Homologous chromosomes |
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This is the loss of one of the chromosomes due to nondisjunction during meiosis |
Monosomy |
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What happens to human zygotes with monosomy of an autosome |
They fail to develop into a fetus |
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This is when you have an extra monosome in your pair |
Trisomy |
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The partial deletion of chromosome 5 results in what? |
Cri du chat syndrome |
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This is when a piece of DNA breaks off and is reinserted in reverse |
Inversion |
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This is when pieces of DNA are swapped between non-homologous chromosomes |
Reciprocal translocation |
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He is the father of modern genomics |
Johan Gregor mendel |
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This is an organism with convenient characteristics |
Model organism |
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This is a trait or physical appearance of a heritable characteristic, ex seed color |
Phenotype |
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This is the underlying genetic makeup consisting of two alleles of a gene |
Genotype |
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What is an example of genotype |
Yy where Y represents yellow seed color and y represent green seed color |
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What are the three laws of inheritance? |
Law of Segregation, law of independent assortment, & law of dominance |
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This law states that for a pair of alleles, each allele must segregate equally into gametes such that offspring have an equal likelihood of inheriting either factor. |
Law of segregation |
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This law states that genes do not influence each other with regard to the sorting of alleles into gametes, and every possible combination of alleles for every gene is equally likely to occur |
Law of independent assortment |
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This law states that in a heterozygote, the dominant trait will conceal the presence of the recessive trait for the same characteristic |
Law of dominance |
