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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
8 characteristics of living things
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made of 1 or more cells, displays organization, grows and develops, reproduces, responds to stimuli, requires energy, maintains homeostasis, adaptations evolve over time
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what is science?
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a body of knowledge based on the study of nature
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7 characteristics of science
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relies on evidence, expands scientific knowledge, challenges accepted theories, questions results, tests claims, undergoes peer review, uses metric system
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the difference between observation and inference
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an observation is a direct method of gathering info and comparing it with what you already know. an inference is when you combine what you know and what you learned to draw a logical conclusion
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describe the different ways data can be collected
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it can be collected quantitatively or qualitatively. quantitative data contains numbers, but qualitative data doesn't contain numbers.
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differentiate between independent and dependent variables; control and experimental groups
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independent variable is what is changed. dependent variable is what is observed. control group is basis of comparison. experimental group is the one being tested.
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describe the shapes carbon bonds can form and why this leads to biodiversity.
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straight chairs, branched molecules, ring molecules. carbon is found in all living things and can bond in an endless number of ways. therefore, life is very diverse.
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6 most common elements in organic molecules
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carbon-C, hydrogen-H, oxygen-O, nitrogen-N, phosphorous-P, sulfur-S
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4 categories of macromolecules and their primary functions
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carbohydrates (store energy, provide structural support), lipids(store energy, provide barriers), proteins(transport/speed up reactions, provide support/ make hormones), nucleic acids(helps make energy(mitochondria), stores DNA, assists making proteins)
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what is an enzyme and why are they important for life?
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they are special proteins used to speed up chemical reactions. they are important because they affect many biological processes
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what are the parts of a chemical reaction?
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reactants, products
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differentiate between ionic and covalent bonds
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ionic is an electrical attraction between two oppositely charged atoms. covalent is a chemical bond that forms when electrons are shared
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what makes water a polar molecule and why is polarity important for living organisms?
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one end is positive and the other end is negative . the bent structure of water makes the molecule polar and allows water to form bonds with many other molecules(cohesion and adhesion)
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where do most biological processes take place on the pH scale?
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occur between 6.5-7.5, our bodies are primarily made of water and water is neutral.
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3 principles of the cell theory
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1) all living organisms are made of 1 or more cells 2) cells are basic unit of structure and organization of all living organisms 3) cells come from previously existing cells
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difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
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prokaryotes-no membrane bound organelles, no nucleus, smaller than eukaryotes
eukaryotes- membrane bound organelles, have nucleus |
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how do you tell the difference between a plant and animal cell?
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plant cells have a cell wall and chloroplasts. plant cells also have larger vacuoles when compared to animals
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what does selective permeable mean and what makes a membrane permeable?
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the plasma membrane only allows certain things to pass into and out of the cell. it is selectively permeable due to its phospholipid bilayer.
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explain the movement of water when a cell is in an isotonic, hypotonic or hypertonic solution
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isotonic, the water outside=the water inside
hypotonic, water outside>water inside hypertonic, water outside<water inside so, water with move out of the and it may collapse |
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define solute and solvent
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the solute is dissolved in the solvent
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difference between active transport and facilitated diffusion
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active transport requires the cell to use energy to move substances across the membrane. facilitated diffusion does not require energy( a type of passive transport)
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identify the reactants and products of photosynthesis and cellular respiration
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products of photosynthesis are the reactants of cellular respiration and vice versa
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explain what reactions take place in the stroma
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stroma is the fluid filled space outside the grana. light independent reactions take place here(Calvin cycle)
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summarize the activities of each stage of the cell cycle
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interphase- cell grows, copies DNA
mitosis-nucleus and nuclear material is divided cytokinesis- cytoplasm divides |
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why is mitosis important and what is its purpose?
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it prepares the cells DNA for separation. the new cells that form will have identical copies if DNA-cellular respiration- repairs damaged cells
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summarize the time of cycling proteins in controlling the cell cycle
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stops and starts various stages of interphase and mitosis
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how can carcinogens affect the cell cycle?
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they are substances and agents that are known to cause cancer. they cause changes in the regulation of cell growth
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define meiosis. where does it occur(type of cell)?
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it is a type of cell division that reduces the number of chromosomes. it takes place in the reproductive structures of organisms that reproduce sexually
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explain Mendel's laws of segregation and independent assortment.
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law of segregation states that the 2 alleles for each trait separate during meiosis. law of independent assortment states that a random distribution of alleles occurs during gamete formation
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2 examples of genetic recombination
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crossing over and gene linkage
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what are some ways an environment can influence an organisms phenotype?
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diet, exercise, sunlight, water, and temperature are all environmental factors
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4 recessive gene disorders in humans and their effects
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cystic fibrosis- excessive mucus production, digestive and respiratory failure
albinism- no color in the skineyesand hair, skin susceptible to UV damage, vision problems gactosemia- mental disabilities, enlarged liver, kidney failure tay-sachs disease- buildup of fatty deposits in the brain, mental disabilities |
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2 dominant genetic disorders and effects
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Huntington's disease-decline of mental of neurological functions, ability to move deteriorates
achondroplasia- short arms and legs, large head (polydactyly) |
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contrast codominance and incomplete dominance
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incomplete- the heterozygous phenotype is an intermediate phenotype between the two homozygous phenotypes
codominance- both alleles are expressed in the heterozygous condition |
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what are polygenic traits?
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characteristic that results from interaction of multiple gene pairs. ex. skin color, height, eye color, fingerprint
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what is a karyotype and how might it assist scientists?
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it is a micrograph in which the pairs of homologous chromosomes are arranged in decreasing size. scientists can find a genetic disorder using them.
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explain base pairing
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a-t, t-a, c-g, g-c
purine bases=adenine and guanine pyrimidine bases=cytosine and thymine |
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compare and contrast DNA and RNA
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DNA-double stranded, a t c g, deoxyribose sugar
RNA-single stranded, a u g c, ribose sugar |
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what happens during replication of RNA?
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DNA helicase enzyme used to separate the 2 strands of DNA. DNA polymerase adds new DNA nucleotides to the open strands of DNA. a new double helix is formed
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role of the 3 kinds of RNA
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mRNA- travel through nucleus to a ribosome to direct synthesis of a specific protein
tRNA-transport amino acids to the ribosome rRNA- associates with protein to form the ribosome |
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what is the difference between a mutation in a body cell and a mutation in a sex cell?
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body cell mutation escapes the repair mechanism and becomes part of genetic sequence in that cell and future daughter cells. these aren't passed onto next generation. a sex cell mutation is when the mutations are passed on to the organisms offspring and will be present in every cell of the offspring.
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explain what occurs during transcription and translation.
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DNA makes RNA during transcription. RNA assembles amino acids to form proteins during translation.
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describe types of mutations that can occur
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point mutations- substitutions, missense, nonsense
deletion, insertion, duplication |
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two types of mutagens and the harm they can cause
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chemicals and radiation. mutagens damage DNA. DNA may not replicate properly
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explain how a test cross is performed
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test cross involves breeding an organism that has an unknown genotype with one that is homozygous recessive for the desired trait
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describe genetic engineering
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technology that involves the manipulating of the DNA of 1 organism in order to insert the DNA of another organism
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how is selective breeding used?
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to pass on desired traits to future generations(isn't genetic engineering. think of all the different kinds of dogs)
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what is an organisms genome?
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it is the total DNA present in the nucleus of each cell
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how are restriction enzymes used?
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these enzymes recognize and bind to specific DNA sequences and cut the DNA within that sequence(scissors)
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how are plasmids and DNA ligase used in recombinant DNA?
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plasmids are small, circular double stranded DNA molecules found in bacteria and yeast cells. plasmids are used as vectors because they can be cut with restriction enzymes DNA ligase
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why do scientists use the technique of polymerase chain reaction(PCR)?
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used to copy DNA for any scientific investigation including forensic analysis and medical testing
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what is a transgenic organism?
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organisms genetically engineered by inserting a gene from another organism. these organisms are used for research, medical and agricultural purposes
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explain DNA fingerprinting
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involves the separating of DNA fragments using gel electrophoresis in order to observe the distinct banding patterns that are unique to every individual
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