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93 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Viruses
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a non-cellular infectious agent made of DNA or RNA, a protein coat and, in some cases an outer liquid envelope
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Two types of Genetic material found in viruses
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Some viruses have DNA as their genetic material and others have RNA
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The five basic steps of viral multiplication
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Attachment, penetration, replication and synthesis, assembly and release
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Lysogenic pathway
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Viral replication pathway in which viral DNA combines with the host DNA; as the hose cell replicates, so does the viral DNA, resulting in new cells with viral DNA. After exposure to some stimulus, the viral DNA is removed form the hose DNA, and lytic pathway begins. Thus the virus does not kill the host outrighr; a time delay occurs between infection and the assemblage of viral components during which many cells are created that also contain the virus
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Lytic pathway
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pathway of rapid viral relication. viral DNA directs the host cellular machinery to produce viral proteins and viral DNA and assemble the viral components into complete viruses. teh cell is eventually lysed by viral enzymes, resulting in celluar death and the release of new viruses
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Prokaryotes
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organisms that hve no nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles. prokaryotes are eubacteria and archaebacteria
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Photoautotrophs
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organisms that are able to make their own food through photosynthesis
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chemoautotrophs
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organisms that are able to make their own food by using energy form the oxidation of inorganic compounds such as H2S and H2
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Fungi
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multicellular, eukaryotic organisms that are non-motile and heterotrophic. they play and important role in nutrient cycling by being decomposers
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Hypha
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the tiny filaments that make up the body of a fungus (the mycelium). hyphal cells are interconnected to allow unimpeded nutrient flow within and through the mycelium
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Mycelium
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a newtwork of hyphae, the food-absorbing portion of most fungi. this is not the same things as the fruiting body of a fungus (e.g. a mushroom)
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Extracellular digestion and absorption
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secretion of enzyme into the environment to digest food and subsequent absorption of organic compounds into cells. this the way fungi digest and absorb food
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mushrooms
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the fruiting or reproductive part of a type of fungi
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Measles virus
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spherical
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a rabies virus
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rod or bullet shaped
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a herpes virus
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spherical
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a tobacco mosaic virus
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long rods
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a bacteriophage (a virus that attacks bacteria)
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looks like a tiny rocketship
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Chicken pox
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human herpes virus 3
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ebola
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filoviruses
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measeles
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paramyxoviruses
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rabies
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rhabdovirus
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small pox
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variola virus
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mononucleosis
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epstein-Barr virus
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Aids
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HIV- human immunodeficiency virus
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Influenza
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influenza virus
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common cold
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Rhinoviruses
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Coccus
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Spherical-shaped
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bacillus
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rod-shaped
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spirillum
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spiral-shaped
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Escherichia coli
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rod or cylinder shape- Bacillus
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Staphylococcus aureaus
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round- coccus
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Rhodospirillum rubrum
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s-shaped- spriullum
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anthrax
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bacillus anthracis
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cholera
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vibrio cholerae
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chlamydia
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clamydia trachomatis
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plague
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yersinia pestis
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peptic ulcers
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heliobacter pylori
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botulism
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clostridium botulinum
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tetanus
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clostridium tetanus
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lyme disease
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Borellia burgdorferi
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brown algae
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mostly marine photoautotrophic protistans such as kelp
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green algae
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photoautotrophic protistans that are found both in marine and freshwater
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red algae
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type of photoautotrophic protistans that are mostly multicellular and aquatic
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Plankton
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mostly microscopic organisms that are found in aquatic habitats
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Lichens
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symbiotic interactions between a fungus and a green alga or a cyanobacterium
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Haploid
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having hhalf of the parental number of chomosomes in a cell (spores and gametes)
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Diploid
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having two of each type of chromosomes
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Bryophyte
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nonvascular land plants
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gymnosperm
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vascular plants that have seeds but no flowers
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angiosperm
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vascular plants that have flowers and seeds
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gametophyte
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the haploid gamete-producing form of plants
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sporophye
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the diploid spore-producing form of plants
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spore
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a single haploid cell that is resistant to unfavorable enviornmental conditions, it is the first cell of the gametophyte generation
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microspore
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haploid spores that become pollen grain in gymnosperms and angiosperms, it is very small
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megaspore
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a megaspoer is a haploid spoer one of whose cellular descendants develops into an egg in gymnosperms and angiospersm. it is much larger than the microspore
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vascular plant
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plants that be vascular tissue called xylem and phloem
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fern
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seedless vascular plants of moist or wet habitats
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moss
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a common kind of bryophyte
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cuticle
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the body cover of plants, a waxy covering on leaves and shoots that helps keep water in and infectious agents (bacteris and fungi) out
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eudicot
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flowering plant characterized by embyros with two cotyledons (seed leaves), leaves with their veins in a net pattern and floral parts arranged in multiples of four or five
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monocot
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flowering plant with one cotyledon, floral parts in multiples of three and parallel-veined leaves
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epidermis
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outermost layer of cells
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cortex
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the tissue that makes up most of a stem or root, bounded extrenally by the epidermis and internally by the central cylinder of vascular tissue
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endodermis
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cell layer around root vascular cylinder; influences water and solute uptake into xylem
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germination
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the resumption of growht and development by a spore or seed
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meristem
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a zone of unspecialized cells whose funcion is to divide to give rise to cell lineages that form the mature tisse. essentially meristems are regions of active growth
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ovary
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the enlarged base of one or more carpels
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ovules
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tissue in plant ovary that become a seed, a female gametophyte will egg cell, nutritious tissue and a jacket that will become the seed coat
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carpel
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female reporductive part of a flower that encloses one or more ovules
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endosperm
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nutritive tisse inside the seed. this is what the growing plant embyro uses for food before it can photosynthesize on its own
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phoem
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plant vascular tissue interconnected as conducting tubes for the movement of sugars and other solutes
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xylem
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plant vascular tissue interconnected as conducting tubes for the movement of water and other solutes (mineral nutrients such as nitrogen) up the plant from the ground to the leaves
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coevolution
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joint evolution of two closely interacting species by changes in the selection pressures operating between the two
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Gibberellin
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plant hormone; promotes elongation of stems, helps seeds and buds break dormancy and helps flowering
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gravitropism
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a change in direction of growth of plant tissue in response to gravity
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phototropism
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a change in direction of growth of plant tissue in response to light
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pollination
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arrival of pollen grain on the stigma of a flowers carpel
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cohesion-tension theory
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in a response transpiration, colums of water are pulled up through xylem by the collective cohesive strength of hydrogen bonds between water molecules
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transpiration
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evaporative loss of water on the surface of the plant, especially the leaves
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gas exchange
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where gases are publicly traded, movement of gases (H2O, CO2, and O2) in and out of the leaf via the stomata
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Tracheids
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one of two types of cells in xylem that conduct water and minerals
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vessel member
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a type of cell xylem; dead at maturity, but its wall becomes part of the water-conducting pipeline
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Stoms (singular) and stomata (plural)
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a gap between two guard cell on a leaf surface through which water diffueses out of the leaf and gaseous diffusion occurs (CO2 diffuses in, O2 and H2O diffuse out)
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cuticle
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a transparent covering of waxes and cutin on the outside of the leaf epidermal cells
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Guard cells
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on of two adjoining cells degining a stoma. the guard cells control the opening size of the stoma
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cohesion
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the ability to stay together under tension. typically this refers to molecules of the same kind sticking together (water molecules being held together via hydrogen bonds)
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diffusion
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net movement of molecules down a concentration gradient
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Osmosis
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the diffusion water across a selectively permeable membrane
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Pressure-flow model
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organic compounds flow through phloem in response to pressure and concentration and pressure gradients between the source (leaves) and the sinks
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sieve tube
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phloems sugar-conducting tube
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nitrogen fixation
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the conversion of gaseous nitrogen (generally consider a form of nitrogen that is not available to plants) to ammonium (which is usable by plants) by bacteria
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root nodules
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swelling on the roots of certain legumes resulting formt he infection of nitrogen-fixing bacteria
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