Biology Paper 1

Stunted growth

Discolouration

Magnification=size of image/size of real object

A cellulose cell wall, chloroplasts and a permanent vacuole filled with sap

Plasmids

Eukaryotes

Prokaryotes

Growth, repair and development of multicellular organisms

A group of cells with similar structure and function

A collection of tissues performing specific functions

Producing bile

Breaking down large insoluble molecules into smaller soluble molecules

Break down and absorbtion

Absorbing water from undigested food

Benedicts solution turns brick red on heating

Iodine turns blue-black

Biuret reagent turns purple

The sum of all reactions in a cell or the body

Carbohydrases e.g. Amylase

Proteases turn them into amino acids

Lipases turns them into fatty acids and glycerol

It emulsifies fats and gives optimum pHs to the enzymes

Plasma

Red blood cells

White blood cells

Platelets

Transports proteins and chemicals around the body

Haemoglobin that binds to oxygen to transport it from the lungs to the tissues

Cell fragments that start the clotting process at wound sites

Thick walls, small lumen, thick layer of muscle

Thin walls, large lumen, have valves

Single cell thick walls, tiny vessel

Double

Left because it has to pump all around the body

Reduce cholesterol levels in the blood reducing the risk of fatty deposits in the coronary arteries

In the wall of the right atrium

Epidermal

Palisade mesophyll

Spongy mesophyll

Xylem

Phloem

Diet, stress and life situation

They live and reproduce inside your cells causing cell damage

They produce toxins that make you feel ill

Measles, HIV/AIDS, tobacco mosaic virus

Salmonella, gonorrhoea and galls in plants

Rose black spot

Malaria

Cellulose cell walls, tough waxy cuticles and layers of bark

Antibacterial chemicals and poisons

Thorns, hairs and mimicry to trick animals

Because they live in a host cell it is hard for a drug to treat the viral cell without damaging healthy body cells

Tested on human tissues in the lab for toxicity and efficacy

Tested on animals for side effects and dosage

Tested on healthy volunteers to check for side effects

Tested on patients with the disease to find optimum dose

Peer review of the data then it is published and can be prescrib

Diagnosis of pregnancy

To measure levels of chemicals in the blood and detecting pathogens for research

To identify or locate specific molecules in cells or tissue

Diagnosis of pregnancy

To measure levels of chemicals in the blood and detecting pathogens for research

To identify or locate specific molecules in cells or tissue

Stimulating mouse B lymphocytes to make a specific antibody and it is bonded to a tumour cell to form a hybridoma which means they are quickly cloned.

Smoking, lack of exercise or overeating, ionising radiation or UV light

Abnormal, uncontrolled cell division

Abnormal, uncontrolled cell division

Benign

Abnormal, uncontrolled cell division

Benign

Malignant

Abnormal, uncontrolled cell division

Benign

Malignant

Cardiovascular disease including coronary heart disease, lung cancer, and lung diseases

The fetus is exposed to smoke and has restricted oxygen which can lead to premature birth, low birthweight and even stillbirth

Developing high cholesterol which could lead to coronary heart disease

It can damage the liver and cause liver cancer if taken in by pregnant women it can affect the development of the unborn baby

Endothermic

Glucose and oxygen

Light intensity/wavelength, temperature, level of CO2 and the amount of chlorophyll

Starch for storage, cellulose to strengthen cell walls and to produce amino acids used to make proteins

To make amino acids used to make proteins

Exothermic

Any increase in heart rate, breathing rate and breath volume

Glycogen stores in the muscles are converted to glucose for cellular respiration

The incomplete breakdown of glucose to form lactic acid

The conversion of glucose to starch, glycogen, and cellulose

The formation of lipid molecules

The reactions of respiration

The reactions of photosynthesis