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131 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Atoms have a _______ charge
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neutral
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_______ are atoms that have gained or lost one or more electrons
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ions
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A ______ bond forms between two atoms that share electrons to form a molecule
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covalent
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Water molecules _____ nonpolar molecules such as oil
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repel
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The amount of energy needed to cause a chemical reaction to start is called _________
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activation energy
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Atoms are composed of.....
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protons, neutrons, & electrons
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The electrons of an atom...
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occupy the space surrounding the nucleus
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The smallest particle of matter than can retain the chemical properties of carbon is a carbon....
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atom
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a substance that is composed of only one type of atom is called a(n)...
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element
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ionic bonds form between particles that have...
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opposite charges
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a molecule that has partial positive charge on one side and a partial negative charge on the other side is called a(n)...
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polar molecule
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when placed in the same container, oil & water do not mix b/c....
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water is polar & oil is non polar
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acidic solutions have a pH that is...
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less than 7
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_____ are molecules that are classified as carbohydrates
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sugars
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______ are molecules that are most closely related to proteins
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amino acids
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what gives each amino acid its unique properties?
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it's side group (R group)
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two types of nucleic acids...
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DNA & RNA
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______ are closely related to nucleic acids
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nucleotides
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DNA stores....
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hereditary information
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the law of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be...
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created or destroyed in a chemical reaction
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reducing activation energy..
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is accomplished by the action of enzymes of reactants
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the molecule on which an enzyme acts is called a(n)...
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substrate
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an enzyme..
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lowers the activation energy of a reaction
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the negatively charged particles in an atom are ______
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electron
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protons & neutrons are found in the ______ of an atom
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nucleus
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substances with a pH greater than 7 are ______.
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basic
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amino acids are the building blocks of _______.
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proteins
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the starting materials for chemical retains are called _____.
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reactants
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the new substances that are formed are called ______.
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products
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the energy needed to start a chemical reaction is called _________.
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activation energy
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the cells of animals are _______
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eukaryotic
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the non polar tails of phospholipids are _______ to water
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repelled
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________ concluded that cells make up every part of a plant
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Schleiden
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a typical _______ cell contains one or more chloroplasts
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plant
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when the solute concentration outside a cell is equal to the solute concentration inside the cell, the cell's environment is _________.
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isotonic
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Osmosis is the diffusion of ______ molecules through a selectively permeable membrane
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water
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part of the cell theory...
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cells are the basic unit of structure & function in organisms
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the double membrane surrounding the nucleus is called the ________
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nuclear envelope
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the organelles associated with plant photosynthesis is the _________
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chloroplasts
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diffusion is the movement of a substance.....
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from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration
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removing materials from a cell in vesicles is called ______
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exocytosis
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what led to the discovery of cells?
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the microscope
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one difference between prokaryotes & eukaryotes is that prokaryotes do not have a _______
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nucleus
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a structure within a eukaryotic cell that carries out specific activities inside the cell is called a(n)...
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organelles
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what kind of cytoskeleton fibers could held a cell change shape to fit into a space
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microfilaments
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the organelle that modifies, sorts, & packages proteins is the ________
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golgi apparatus
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plant cells have a large membrane-bound compartment in which water, waste products, and nutrients can be stored called ______
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central vacuole
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found in plant cells but not animal cells...
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a cell wall
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Phospholipids are molecules that have...
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one polar phosphate head & 2 fatty acid tails
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what does not require energy?
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diffusion
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osmosis is a type of ______
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passive transport
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unlike passive transport, active transport....
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requires energy
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the organelles where protein synthesis occurs in a cell are called ______
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ribosomes
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the movement of a substance into a cell by a vesicle is called ________
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endocytosis
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the basic unit of structure and function is an organism is the _____
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cell
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______ endoplasmic reticulum has no attached ribosomes
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smooth
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to reach equilibrium, substances always flow from an area of high concentration to an area of _____ concentration
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low
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if a cell is places in a(n) _______ solution, water will flow into the cell
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hypotonic
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what are the three parts of the cell theory?
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1. all living things are made up of cells
2. cells are the basic unit of life 3. cells come from other cells |
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what are the three structures present in plant cells but no in animal cells?
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1. central vacuole
2. chloroplasts 3. cell wall |
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process by which ATP is synthesized by using chemicals as an energy source instead of light
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chemosynthesis
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membrane-bound structure within chloroplasts that contains chlorophyll and other light-absorbing pigments used in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis
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thylakoid
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anaerobic process by which ATP is produces by glycolysis
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fermentation
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high-energy molecule that contains, within its bonds, energy that cells can use
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ATP
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anaerobic process in which glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate and two net ATP are produced
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glycolysis
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part of photosynthesis that absorbs energy from sunlight & transfers energy to the light-indepedent reactions
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light-dependent reactions
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process by which light energy is converted into chemical energy; produces sugar and oxygen from carbon dioxide and water
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photosynthesis
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process that requires oxygen to occur
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aerobic
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process during cellular respiration that breaks down a carbon molecules to produce molecules that are sued in the electron transport chain
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Kreb's cycle
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light-absorbing pigment molecules in photosynthetic organisms
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chlorophyll
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process of producing ATP by breaking down carbon-based molecules when oxygen is present
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cellular respiration
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product of fermentation in many types of cells, including human muscle cells
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lactic acid
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low-energy molecule that can be converted to ATP
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ADP
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process that does not require oxygen to occur
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anaerobic
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part of photosynthesis that uses energy absorbed during the light-dependent reactions to synthesize carbohydrates
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light-independent reactions
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______ is a molecule that transfers energy from breakdown of food molecules to cell processes.
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ATP
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What does ATP stand for?
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adenosine triphosphate
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energy carried by ATP is ______ when a phosphate group is removed
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released
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ATP has ___ phosphate groups.
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3
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_____ is a lower-energy molecule that can be converted into ATP by the addition of a phosphate group
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ADP
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What does ADP stand for?
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adenosine diphosphate
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ADP has __ phosphate groups
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2
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What type of molecule yields the most ATP?
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fats
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process by which some organisms use chemical energy instead of light energy to make energy storing carbon based molecule
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chemosynthesis
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process that captures energy from sunlight to make sugars that store chemical energy
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photosynthesis
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what is the general equation for photosynthesis?
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6CO2+6H2O+light energy → C6H12O6+6O2
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a ______ pathway is a series of reactions where the product of one reaction is the reactant of the next
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biochemical
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do autotrophs perform photosynthesis?
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yepppppperz
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do heterotrophs perform photosynthesis?
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yessssssss
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______ are able to make their own food
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autotrophs
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list the colors of the visible spectrum.
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Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, Violet
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pigment in chloroplasts that absorbs some of the energy in visible light
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chlorophyll
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the green color of plants comes from the _____ of light's green wavelength.
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reflection
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where does photosynthesis take place?
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chloroplasts
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list the 2 main parts involved in photosynthesis.
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grana & stroma
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_______ are stacks of thylakoids
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grana
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______ is the fluid that surrounds the grana inside a chloroplasts
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stroma
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list the 2 main stages of photosynthesis
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light-dependent reactions & light-independent reactions
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_____-_____ reactions capture energy from sunlight
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light-dependent
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where do the light-depednent reactions take place?
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thylakoids
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_____ & _____ are needed in the light-dependent reactions
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water & sunlight
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____-_____ reactions use energy from the light-dependent reactions to make sugars
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light-independent
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where do the light-independent reactions take place?
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stroma of chloroplasts
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what is needed in the light-independent reactions?
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carbon dioxide
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released chemical energy from sugars & other carbon based molecules to make ATP when oxygen is present
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cellular respiration
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do autotrophs perform cellular respiration?
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yes
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do heterotrophs perform cellular respiration?
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no
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is cellular respiration an aerobic process or an anaerobic process?
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aerobic
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process that requires oxygen to occur
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aerobic
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where does cellular respiration take place?
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mitochondria
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list the 2 main parts of the mitochondria involved in cellular respiration.
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matrix & inner membrane
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list the 2 main stages of cellular respiration.
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Kreb's cycle & Electron Transport Chain
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the ___ ____ produces molecules that carry energy to the second part of cellular respiration
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Kreb's cycle
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The Kerb's cycle aka "____ ____ ____"
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Citric Acid Cycle
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Where does the Kreb's cycle take place?
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Matrix
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what does the electron transport chain need to make ATP?
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energy carrying molecules from Kreb's cycle & oxygen
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where does the electron transport chain take place?
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across the inner membrane
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what is the equation for cellular respiration?
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C6H12O6+6CO2+602--> 6CO2+6H2O+energy
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what must occur in order for cellular respiration to occur?
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glucose must be broken down
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_____ is the process in which glucose is broken down into 2 three carbon molecules of pyruvic acid.
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glycolysis
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how many ATP does glycolysis have?
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2
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what is the initial pathway in cellular respiration?
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glycolysis
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where does glycolysis take place?
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cytoplasm
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if oxygen is ____, products of glycolysis enter pathways of aerobic respiration
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present
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if oxygen is ____, products of glycolysis enter fermentation pathways
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absent
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is fermentation an aerobic or anaerobic process?
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anaerobic
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process that does not require oxygen to occur
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anaerobic
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process where glucose is converted into another compound such as lactic acid of ethyl alcohol in the absence of oxygen
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fermentation
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list 2 common fermentation pathways.
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lactic acid & alcoholic fermentation
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___ ____ fermentation is the process by which pyruvic acid is converted into lactic acid
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lactic acid fermentation
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____ fermentation is the process by which pyruvic acid is converted into ethyl alcohol
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alcoholic
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