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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
________ means that information flows from genes to proteins.
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Gene expression
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In gene expression, information flows from _____ to _____.
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genes, proteins
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Gene expression is mainly controlled by controlling _______?
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transcription
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Differentiation involves cell specialization in both _____ and _____.
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structure, function
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Differentiation is controlled by turning specific sets of genes ___ or ___.
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on, off
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Each cell in a human body has ____ chromosomes?
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46
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DNA wrapped around histone proteins
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nucleosomes
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In nucleosomes, each bead includes ___ plus 8 ____ molecules?
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DNA, histone
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DNA packing can prevent ______?
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transcription
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a coiling of the tight helical fiber
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supercoil
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In female mammals, one X chromosome is _____ in each somatic cell.
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inactive
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An inactivated X chromosome is called _____?
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a Barr Body
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Athletes may be tested for _____ to determine sex?
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Bar bodies
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In female mammals, one of the two X chromosomes is coiled tightly and not ______.
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transcribed
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In eukaryotic transcription, each gene has a _____ and a ______.
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promoter, terminator
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Interactions between ______ proteins and control sequences maintain control of activation/expression?
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regulatory proteins
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______, a type of regulatory protein, inhibit transcription?
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Silencers
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replacing the nucleus of an egg cell or zygote with a nucleus from an adult somatic cell
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nuclear transportation
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implant embryo in surrogate mother for development; new animal is genetically identical to nuclear donor
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reproductive cloning
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remove embryonic stem cells and grow in culture for medical treatments; induce stem cells to differentiate
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therapeutic cloning
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early embryo
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blastocyst
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Cloned animals can show differences from their parent due to a _____ of influences during development.
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variety
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Reproductive cloning is used to produce animals with _____ traits.
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desirable- agricultural products, therapeutic agents, restoring endangered animals
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In therapeutic cloning, stem cells can be induced to give rise to _____?
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differentiated cells
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Cancer results from _____ in genes that control cell division.
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Mutations
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Mutations in two types of genes can cause cancer:
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oncogenes, tumor-suppressor genes
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Proto-oncogenes normally ____?
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promote cell division
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Mutations to oncogenes _____ activity.
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enhance
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Tumor suppressor genes normally ______?
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inhibit cell division
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Mutations to tumor suppressor genes inactivate the genes and allow ______ division to occur.
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uncontrolled
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What type of genes promote cancer when present in a single copy?
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oncogenes
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Oncogenes can be ____ genes inserted into host chromosomes.
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viral
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Oncogenes can be mutated version of _____, which are normal genes that promote cell division and differentiation.
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proto-oncogenes
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Converting a proto-oncogene to an oncogene can occur by a mutation increasing ____ activity, an increased number of _____ copies causing more protein to be produced, or a change in location that puts the gene under the control of a new promoter for increased _____.
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protein, gene, transcription
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When both copies of ______ genes are mutated, they promote cancer.
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tumor-suppressor
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____ or more somatic mutations are usually required to produce a cancer cell.
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4
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cancer causing agents that damage DNA and promote cell division
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carcinogens
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types of cancer caused by cigarettes
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lung, colon/rectum, urinary bladder, kidney, pancreas, mouth and throat, stomach, cervix
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a group of genes under coordinated control in bacteria
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operon
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two types of operon control
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1. inducible operon
2. repressible operon |
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For many operons, ______ enhance RNA polymerase binding to the promoter.
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activators
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