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239 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Flexion and extension moves around the ______ axis within the _______plane.
x, sagittal y, coronal x, coronal y, sagittal |
x, sagittal
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lateral bending moves around what axis and what plane?
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z axis, coronal plane
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rotation moves around what axis within what plane?
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y-axis, transverse plane
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straight lines movements are considered what kind of joint motion?
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translation movements
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what is translation that occurs between joint surfaces?
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glide or slide
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Anterior and posterior glide in the sagittal plane is what?
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anterio- / posterolisthesis
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lateral and medial glide in the coronal plane is what?
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laterolisthesis
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distraction and compression glide in what plane along what axis?
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transverse plane on y-axis
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the combination of rotational and translational movement that most commonly occurs within joints is what?
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curvilinear motion
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neutral joint play could also be defined as?
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crimp
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active range of motion (AROM) is under the control of what?
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musculature. This is what PT does.
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assessed by doctor past active and into elastic range. What type of motion is this?
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PROM - passive range of motion
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The end of the elastic range of resistance is called:
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Elastic Barrier of resistance (the crimp has been taken out
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neutral joint play assumes there is a certain amount of this, naturally
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crimp
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where does the "crack" occur?
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Paraphysiological space
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The pathologic zone with damage to components of physiologic joint is the limit of...???
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anatomic integrity
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This joint motion describes rotational movement around an axis. This pure movement is possible only in the hip, shoulder and proximal radius.
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spin
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when movement in a joint is not pure spin but a combination of roll and slide, it is called..?
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swing
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When rotation occurs because points on the surface of one bone contact points at the same interval of the other bone, this is called...?
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Roll
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when only one point on the moving surface contacts various points on the opposing joint surface, this type of joint motion occurs...
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slide ( translational)....Roll and slide occur simultaneously in most joints of the body
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when a concave surface moves on a convex surface ,roll and slide movements should occur in the (same/opposite) direction?
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same
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when a convex surface moves on a concave surface, roll and slide movements occur in (same/opposite) direction
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opposite
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pathology: pure _______tends to result in joint dislocation
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roll
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pathology: pure _____ tends to result in impingement
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slide
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What do our joints to to reduce wear on joint surfaces?
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coupling (roll and slide)
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the axis of a joint moves about as a joint changes from one instant to another
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IAR ( Instantaneous Axis of Rotation)
occurs about two dimensions, joint dysfunction alters IAR |
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what does the anatomical joint consist of?
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articular surface, surrounding joint capsule, ligaments and any extraneous articular structures
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what does a physiological joint consist of?
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anatomic joint plus the surrounding soft tissues, including the muscles, connective tissue, nerves, and blood vessels
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what 3 components of physiological joints are essential for understanding functionality?
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anatomy, physiology, pathophysiology
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the principle source of passive resistance at the normal extremes of joint motion include collagenous structures. what are these collagenous structures?
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ligaments, joint capsules, tendons, and muscles
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Collagenous structures posses two stretch qualities that are viscoelastic. what two qualities are these?
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elastic stretch and plastic (viscous) stretch
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the recoverable elongation of collagen that exhibits a spring-like behavior with elongation that is recoverable when the load is removed is what type of stretch?
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elastic stretch
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the non-recoverable stretch that exhibits linear deformation that remains after load is removed and permits time-dependent or permanent deformation is what type of stretch?
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plastic
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(elastic/plastic) represents the Toe phase of stress/strain curve
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elastic stretch(recoverable)
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(elastic/plastic) stretch represents the linear phase of the stress strain curve is?
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plastic stretch(nonrecoverable)
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HVLA should promote ______ deformation of the joint capsule and periarticular soft tissues.
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elastic
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T/F permanent plastic deformation weakens connective tissue?
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True
high force stretching produces more structural weakening than a slower, lower force method |
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T/F the greatest impact of plastic deformation will occur when positions of the stretch are maintained for long periods
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true
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(acute/chronic) trauma is the result of high-force, short duration exceeding the elastic range of CT
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acute
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scar tissue and adhesions are common types of ____________ scar tissue
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pathological
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Collagenous structures posses two stretch qualities that are viscoelastic. what two qualities are these?
|
elastic stretch and plastic (viscous) stretch
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the recoverable elongation of collagen that exhibits a spring-like behavior with elongation that is recoverable when the load is removed is what type of stretch?
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elastic stetch
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the non-recoverable stretch that exhibits linear deformation that remains after load is removed and permits time-dependent or permanent deformation is what type of stretch?
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plastic
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(elastic/plastic) represents the Toe phase of stress/strain curve
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elastic stretch(recoverable)
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(elastic/plastic) stretch represents the linear phase of the stress strain curve is?
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plastic stretch(nonrecoverable)
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|
HVLA should promote ______ deformation of the joint capsule and periarticular soft tissues.
|
elastic
|
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T/F permanent plastic deformation weakens connective tissue?
|
True
high force stretching produces more structural weakening than a slower, lower force method |
|
T/F the greatest impact of plastic deformation will occur when positions of the stretch are maintained for long periods
|
true
|
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(acute/chronic) trauma is the result of high-force, short duration exceeding the elastic range of CT
|
acute
|
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scar tissue and adhesions are common types of ____________ scar tissue
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pathological
|
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what provides supportive structure and leaver arm for muscles to act on??
|
bone
|
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What should you look at on radiographs??
|
Alignment
Bone Cortex Density of cortex |
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what can withstand high levels of weight bearing or muscle tension in the longitudinal direction?
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bone
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what type of bone corresponds to mechanical stresses experienced and serves to absorb and dissipate forces to the cortical bone?
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inner cancellous bone
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Name the types of bone:
|
Long
Short Flat Irregular Sesamoid |
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clavicle, humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia, fibular, metatarsals, metacarpals, and phalanges are all examples of what type of bone?
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long bone
|
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carpals of hand and tarsals of foot that act as shock absorbers for transmission of forces are what type of bone?
|
short
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T/F long bones act as levers
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True
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ribs, ilium, sternum, scapula, these bones protect internal structures and offer broad muscular attachments:
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flat bone
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skull, pelvis, vertebrae, These bones have specialized shape for specialized functions.
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Irregular
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patella, pisiform, base of first metatarsal of the foot, flexor hallucis brevis, and flexor pollicus brevis of the thumb. These alter the angle of insertion of the muscle to give it greater leverage or power.
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sesamoid bones
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T/F Bone is viscoelastic
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T. Responds to loads dependent on rate and duration that load is applied.
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T/F bone loaded quickly fractures at a load that is approximately 1/2 of the load handled by bone at a fast rate of loading
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False. Bone loaded slowly....
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T/F Bone failure can occur due to a singular traumatic event or the accumulation of microfractures
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True
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the behavior of bone varies with the direction of load application. This is called what type of characteristic?
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anistropic
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T/F short bones are better designed to load longitudinally and least to load across its surface
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false. long bones take compressive forces and don't do well with shear forces
|
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this is determined by the slops of the stress-strain curve and represents bone's resistance to load as it deforms...
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stiffness
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T/F bone is considered rigid and strong as it fails to deform in the plastic phase of the stress strain curve.
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False bone is considered flexible and weak in the plastic phase
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bone is highly adaptive to mechanical demands. If you increase demand you increase........
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bone mass
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highly adaptive bone will, once demand is _______., _______bone mass
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decrease, decrease
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patella, pisiform, base of first metatarsal of the foot, flexor hallucis brevis, and flexor pollicus brevis of the thumb. These alter the angle of insertion of the muscle to give it greater leverage or power.
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sesamoid bones
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T/F Bone is viscoelastic
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T. Responds to loads dependent on rate and duration that load is applied.
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T/F bone loaded quickly fractures at a load that is approximately 1/2 of the load handled by bone at a fast rate of loading
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False. Bone loaded slowly....
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T/F Bone failure can occur due to a singular traumatic event or the accumulation of microfractures
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True
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the behavior of bone varies with the direction of load application. This is called what type of characteristic?
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anistropic
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T/F short bones are better designed to load longitudinally and least to load across its surface
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false. long bones take compressive forces and don't do well with shear forces
|
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this is determined by the slope of the stress-strain curve and represents a bone's resistance to load as it deforms...
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stiffness
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T/F bone is considered rigid and strong as it fails to deform in the plastic phase of the stress strain curve.
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False bone is considered flexible and weak in the plastic phase
|
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bone is highly adaptive to mechanical demands. If you increase demand you increase........
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bone mass
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highly adaptive bone will, once demand is _______., _______bone mass
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decrease, decrease
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T/F bone requires weekly mechanical stimulus to maintain health
|
false. Daily stimulus required
|
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when bone loss occurs because of decrease in activities, what may occur to bone?
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loss of rigidity, increased bending displacement, decrease in bone length and cortical cross section and slowing of bone formation
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T/F injury to bone can be produced to a single high-force or by repeated application of a low-magnitude force over time
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True
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bone is exposed to what 5 forces
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compression
tension shear bending torsion |
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what type of force presses the ends of the bone together for maximum stress perpendicular to the plane of load
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compression forces
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this type of force is produces by muscles, weight bearing, gravity or some external loading along the length of the bone
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compression forces
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what type of force will pull or stretch a bone apart where maximum stress is at a plane perpendicular to the load applied
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tension force
|
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where do tension forces normally fail?
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at site of muscle insertion or ligament attachment. Causes avulsion fracture (osgood-schlatters)
|
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what type of force is applied parallel to the surface of the bone. where maximum stress is on the surface parallel to the plane of the applied force
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shear force
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what force is created when a bone is subjected to compressive or tension forces or both?
|
shear forces
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these types of fractures due to what force are commonly found in the femoral condyles or tibial plateau or chance fractures in vertebrae
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shear forces
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what type of force occurs when applied force is directed to a bone that has having no direct support against it. usually from multiple forces active simultaneously on different points of the bone
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bending forces
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when one side of the bone undergoes tension while the ohter side undergoes compression, this is called...
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bending forces
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when one bone is exposed to a twisting force and maximum stress acts both perpendicular and parallel to the axis of bone..what type of force?
|
torsion force
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spiral fractures are most common in the humerous and tibia/fibula...what type of force is this spiral ?
|
torsion force
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T/F the rate of loading of bone is important because the tolerance of bone is rate sensitive
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True. if the bone cannot deform fast enough, injury occurs
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T/F muscles influence the loads that bone can manage by creating compressive or tensile forces
|
true. muscular forces can reduce tensile forces or redistribute forces acting on bone.
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what occurs when rate of bone remodeling is less than rate of micro-trauma?
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stress fracture
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In the(upper/lower) extremities, stress fractures are usually the result of muscle fatigue
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lower. loss of shock absorption increases intensity of forces on bone
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in the (upper/Lower) extremity, stress fractures are usually the result of repetitive muscular forces acting on bone
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upper.
|
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these types of fractures due to what force are commonly found in the femoral condyles or tibial plateau or chance fractures in vertebrae
|
shear forces
|
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what type of force occurs when applied force is directed to a bone that has having no direct support against it. usually from multiple forces active simultaneously on different points of the bone
|
bending forces
|
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when one side of the bone undergoes tension while the other side undergoes compression, this is called...
|
bending forces
|
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when one bone is exposed to a twisting force and maximum stress acts both perpendicular and parallel to the axis of bone..what type of force?
|
torsion force
|
|
spiral fractures are most common in the humerous and tibia/fibula...what type of force is this spiral ?
|
torsion force
|
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T/F the rate of loading of bone is important because the tolerance of bone is rate sensitive
|
True. if the bone cannot deform fast enough, injury occurs
|
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T/F muscles influence the loads that bone can manage by creating compressive or tensile forces
|
true. muscular forces can reduce tensile forces or redistribute forces acting on bone.
|
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what occurs when rate of bone remodeling is less than rate of micro-trauma?
|
stress fracture
|
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In the(upper/lower) extremities, stress fractures are usually the result of muscle fatigue
|
lower. loss of shock absorption increases intensity of forces on bone
|
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in the (upper/Lower) extremity, stress fractures are usually the result of repetitive muscular forces acting on bone
|
upper.
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when bone resorption exceeds bone deposition, this is called...
|
osteoporosis
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hormonal factors, nutritional imbalances, lack of exercise, increased level of cortisone can all lead to ....
|
osteoporosis
|
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bone deposition in soft tissue is called..
|
myositis ossificans. bone is laid down in soft tissue exposed to repeated trauma or a hematoma.
|
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these connect bone to bone...
|
ligaments. consists of collagen, elastin and reticulin fibers
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these stabilize, control and limit joint motion. any injury to these will influence joint motion
|
ligaments. can be capsular, extra/intra-capsular
|
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the _______behavior of ligaments respond to loads by becoming stronger and stiffer over time.
|
viscoelastic
|
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ligaments are best suited to bear what type of forces?
|
tensile and shear forces. ligaments more likely to fail before bone when exposed to QUICK tensile forces
|
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T/F a ligaments strength diminishes rapidly with immobilization
|
true
|
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a tensile injury is termed a......
|
strain
1 - partial tear 2 - partial tear with some loss of joint stability 3 - complete tear with loss of joint stability (potential dislocation) |
|
this acts as an intermediary between hyaline cartilage and other CT
|
fibrocartilage. it's found where both tensile strength and the ability to withstand high pressure are necessary.
|
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T/F the meniscus attenuates and dissipates forces as well as protects against sudden changes in directional movement while weight bearing
|
true
|
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articular cartilage of a joint is important for the stability and function of a joint. This will distribute loads over the surface and (increase/reduce) contact stress to half
|
reduce
|
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the coefficient of friction is.....
|
hundred times less than that of ice for a healthy joint
|
|
this type of cartilage is anistropic and well suited for shear forces
|
articular cartilage
|
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T/F viscoelastic properties of articular cartilage allow it to deform instantly to a low or moderate load
|
true
|
|
the viscoelastic properties allow articular cartilage to become stiffer and deform more slowly to rapidly applied loads. T/F
|
true
|
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this model for joint lubrication is consistent with quick joint motions that attract synovial fluid to the area contacted to create a film between moving parts. Does not address slow movements or movement under loads
|
hydrodynamic model
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this model for joint lubrication takes into account the viscoelastic property of articular cartilage. Considers the compressibility of articular cartilage that increases surface area and reducing stress to compressing fluid. Does not answer question about lubrication at initiation of movements or periods of immobility.
|
elastohydrodynamic model
|
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this model for joint lubrication considers how fluid is absorbed into this joint surface, how joint coasts on surface and is in conjunction with other models that meet the demands of the human synovial joint
|
boundary lubrication model
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T/F injuries that occur during high loads or repetitive loading over an extended period of time contribute to degeneration
|
true
|
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T/F articular degeneration results in decreased contact area and erosion that eventually exposes the subchondral bone
|
true
|
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T/F during degeneration, subchondral bone is exposed to increased forces and undergoes degenerative changes or osteoarthritis
|
true
|
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T/F osteoarthrosis has direct relationship to hyperlaxity in a joint, osteoporosis, and levels of physical exercise.
|
False, osteoarthrosis has NO relationship to these things
|
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T/F osteoarthrosis is more common in a joint that has been injured or immobilized for a long period of time
|
true
|
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a synovial joint has an outer layer and an inner layer. These are considered part of a joint's _________
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capsule
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the outer layers of a joint capsule consist of ??
|
densely packed parallel collagen fibers. acts as a ligaments
|
|
the inner layer of a joint capsule consists of...?
|
irregular oriented elastic fibers. consists of synovial cavity and synovial fluid
|
|
what are meniscoids?
|
fibro adipose portion of a synovial joint that produces synovial fluid and decreases friction of joint surfaces
|
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What are the three signs of injury?
|
inflammation
blood infection |
|
Open pakced joints are what?
|
maximum slack in joint capsule. This is what pts often present with. joint space is open about 15 degrees
|
|
closed packed position?
|
extension. joint is in maximum capsular tension. Pt will reflexively guard joint.
|
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how are synovial joints classified???
|
articulating surfaces
degree of freedom type of movement |
|
there are 7 types of synovial joints, can you name them??
|
plane/gliding
hinge pivot condylar ellipsoid saddle ball and socket |
|
the tarsals of the foot and carpals of the hand, as well as the z-joints of the spine are considered what type of joint?
|
plane/gliding. consists of two flat surfaces that slide over each other
|
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the interphalangeal joints of the hand and food, ulnohumeral joint of the elbow are considered what type of joint?
|
hinge. allows movement in one plane. uniaxial, flextion and extension
|
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superior and inferior radioulnar joint, atlantoaxial (odontoid)joint are examples of what type of joint?
|
pivot. allows movement in one plane: uniaxial, rotation, pronation, supination
|
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tibiofemoral, TMJ are considered what type of joint?
|
condylar. allows primary movement in one plane (flexion/extension) with small amounts of movement in another plane (rotation)
|
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radiocarpals or writs, metacarpophalangeal joints of hand are considered what type of joints?
|
ellipsoid. allows movement in two planes. biaxial, flexion and extension, abduction and adduction
|
|
the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb is this type of joint
|
saddle joint. this allows two planes of motion (flexion/extension and abduction/adduction) with a small amount of rotation
|
|
femeroacetabular joint (hip) and glenuhumeral joint are considered this type of joint
|
ball-and-socket. this allows for movement in all planes
flexion, extension, ab/adduction, rotation |
|
a position in which the joint capsule is most relaxed and "neutral" and exhibits the greatest amount of play is called???
|
loose-packed. the position of joint distraction. when injured, a swelling joint will seek this position
|
|
a position in which the joint capsule and ligaments are maximally tightened and in joint compression is called...???
|
closed packed. this is a joint's most stable position
|
|
the closed packed position for the spine is?
|
maximal extension
|
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the closed packed position for the hip is?
|
max extension, internal rotation, abduction
|
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the closed-packed position of the knee is??
|
maximal extension and external rotation
|
|
the closed packed position for the ankle is?
|
maximal dorsiflextion
|
|
the closed packed position for the glenohumoral joint is ?
|
abduction and external roation
|
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the closed packed position of the acromioclavicular joint is?
|
90 degrees of abduction
|
|
the closed packed position for the sternoclavicular joint is
|
maximal elevation
|
|
the closed packed position for the ulnohumeral joint is ?
|
extension in supination
|
|
the closed packed position for the radiohumeral joint is?
|
flexion is supination
|
|
the closed packed position for the wrist is?
|
maximal dorisilfexion
|
|
forces incurred in a (closed/open)packed position increase the chance of fracture and dislocation
|
closed
|
|
forces incurred in a (closed/open) packed position increase chance of muscular and ligamentous sprain
|
open
|
|
a joint with limited movement that is held together by fibrous attachments is called??
examples include skull sutures and synarthorisis of distal tib/fib |
synarthrodial or fibrous joint
|
|
a joint held together with either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage with limited movement is...?
|
amphiarthrodial or cartilaginous joint
|
|
the three parts of a IVD are???
|
vertebral end plates
annuls fibrosis nucleus pulposis |
|
T/F the only true ligaments of the IVD are the outer layer fibers
|
true
|
|
what part of the IVD is formed by a thin layer of cartilage that covers the vertebral body ?
|
vertebral end plates
|
|
which part of the IVD consists of 10-20 collagen fiber sheets arranged in opposing concentric rings and surround the nucleus pulposus
|
annul fibrosis
|
|
the annulus is thicker toward the (anterior and lateral/ posterior and lateral)
|
anterior and lateral
|
|
the weakest portion of the anulus fibrosis is the (thinnest/thickest) and is (posterolateral/anterolateral)
|
thinnes, posterolateral
|
|
which portion of the IVD is the embryologic portion of the notochord?
|
nucleus puposis
|
|
what converts axial compressive forces to tensile forces equally in all directions in the IVD?
|
anulus fibrosis and end-plate
|
|
T/F the preloaded state of the disc promotes self-stabilization
|
true. water-absorbing property of disc "preloads" it. this allows for greater resistance to compressive forces. affected by age.
|
|
T/F imbibition of water in disc decreases with age
|
true
|
|
T/F the central portion of the end plate is the weakest part of the disc
|
true. because it is thin and contains the microscopic pores for water imbibition and diffusion.
|
|
standing or axial loading allows disc to undergo??
|
creep and hysteresis
|
|
T/F the thoracic region's ratio of disc to height is the most mobile.
|
false. cervical region is most mobile (2:5)
thoracis are least mobile with 1:5 ratio lumbar is 1:3 |
|
T/F the obliquity of the orientation of the annular fibers gives the disc the ability to optimally resist all of the movements of the swivel joint
|
true
|
|
during axial distraction, the tension through the entire annulus (lowers/rises)
|
rises
|
|
during axial distraction when internal disc pressure decreases, excessive axial traction may (increase/decrease) intradisc pressure due to tension of the internal anulus
|
increase
|
|
during axial compression, intradiscal pressure initially (increases/decreases)
|
increases
|
|
T/F in axial compression,compressive forces within the disc are converted into tensile forces throughout the collagen fibers of the entire annular lamellae
|
true
|
|
during extension, flexion and lateral bending, the ipsilateral anulus buckles T/F
|
true
|
|
during extension, flexion and lateral bending, the contralateral anulus elongates and the outer anulus undergoes the most tension T/F
|
true
|
|
the nuclueus pulposus is deformed and radially compressed into the contralateral anulus when disc is in extension, flexton or lateral bending. T/F
|
true
|
|
T/F during axial rotational movement, the annular lamellae that oppose the motion elongate and undergo tension
|
true
|
|
T/F internal disc pressure increases in proportion to the degree of sliding in shear movement
|
true
|
|
the study of the mechanics of a living body, especially the forces exerted by muscles and gravity on skeletal structure is called???
|
biomechanics
|
|
the branch of mechanics that deals with pure motion, without reference to the masses or forces involved in it is???
|
kinematics
|
|
the branch of mechanics that deals with the actions of forces in producing or changing the motion of masses is??
|
kinetics
|
|
in biomechanics, the bones act as...
|
levers
|
|
in biomechanics, the ligaments and joints form the ...
|
hinge
|
|
in biomechanics, the muscles provide the ...
|
force to move the levers about the joint
|
|
a rigid bar that moves about a fixed point, the axis or fulcrum is the...
|
lever
|
|
the force applied at some point along a lever to move a part that is met with a force that opposes it is???
|
resistance
|
|
when force and resistance are on opposite sides of axis, example, triceps extension, this is what class of lever?
|
class I
|
|
when force and resistance are on same side of axis but resistance is closer to the axis than force...example gastroc pushing up on toes...what type of lever is this?
|
class II
|
|
when force and resistance are on the same side of axis but the force is closer to the axis than the weight, example biceps flexing elbow..this is what class???
|
class III
|
|
movement that occurs linearly along an axis is?
|
translation
|
|
movement that occurs around one axis is called...
|
rotation
|
|
when every point along a bone moves to the same extent in the same motion and is translated, this bone is said to be under what type of force?
|
shear
|
|
tow non-aligned forces that act in opposing direction on different points on the bone are called a???
|
force couple
|
|
the force that causes rotation of a bone is called?
|
torque
|
|
T/F the axis of rotation is where the centers of rotation of a structure align along a common axis
|
true. the axis of rotation is a region that does not move when two or more opposing and unaligned forces act on a bone
|
|
the point that is not stationary but is subject to change in space and time whenever different and opposing forces act upon the structure is called??
|
IAR instantaneous axis of rotation
|
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the applied elongating force is known as the???
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stress. the elongating force applied to tissue
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the degree to which the object is elongated is known as??
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strain. measured as a percentage increase in length of the tissue relative to its initial length before the stress was applied
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when a tissue is stretched horizontally, the deforming force is known as??
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tension strain
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when a tissue is compressed longitudinally, the deforming stress is known as
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compression strain
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a force that causes two object to slide with respect to one another is referred to as??
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shear strain
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when a tissue is twisted, the deforming force is known as??
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torsion strain
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(shear/tension)applies toe forces exerted along the long axis of a tissue
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Tension forces
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(shear/tension) forces are applied across the axis
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shear
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collagenous tissue in neutral position where fibers are buckled and wavy is termed??
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crimp
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the toe phase of the stress strain curve is when the collagenous tissues are straightening....?
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crimp
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once crimp is removed, the collagenous fibers are said to be in what phase of stress strain curve?
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linear phase
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a collagenous tissue fails when the force applied is (greater than/less than) the internal strength of its chemical bonds
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greater than
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at what percentage elongation does collagenous tissue fail?
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4% elongation
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what area of the stress strain curve do we evaluate and adjust?
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toe phase
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the ability of a tissue to resist strain or deformation is??
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stiffness
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is measured by the amount of force required to elongate or deform a tissue is called??
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stiffness
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when resistance of a tissue exactly balances the force attempting to elongate it, this is called
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initial range of movement
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when constant force is applied to a tissue for a prolonged period of time its initial range of movement increases..this is known as??
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creep. continued displacement at some point in a stress/strain curve
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(creep/hysteresis) provides an indirect measure of the interactions of collagen, proeoglycans and water in a collagenous tissue
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creep. relevant to one's ADL (activities of daily living)
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(Hysteresis/creep) occurs because all tissues exhibit differences in behavior during loading vs. unloading
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hysteresis
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the difference between the initial and final length of a tissue during loading and unloading is known as a ???
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set
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T/F hysteresis and set do not occur if a tissue is stressed within toe phase. only within linear phase
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true
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T/F healing in a set position can compromise the mechanical function of the tissue
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true
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frequent repetitions can cause a tissue to fail at a stress that is less than required to damage the tissue in a single application of force is called???
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fatigue failure
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T/F fatigue failure (CTD) is governed by the nature of the tissue, the magnitude of stress, the frequency of the stress applied
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true (CDT = cumulative trauma disorder)
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fatigue failure
I = NF/AR what do letters stand for? |
I = insult to tissue
N = number of repetitions F = force or tension of each repetition as a % of max strength A = amplitude of each repetition R = relaxation time between repetition |
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T/F
in vibration, N is high A is low R is low tissue injury is high |
true
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T/F
in poor posture F is high A is near zero R is near zero tissue injury is high |
true
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a force that causes bending is known as??
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moment. magnitude of moment is proportional to force applied
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the bending capacity of a moment will be (greater/less)if the force applied is greater
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greater
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the perpendicular distance between the fixed point of an object and the direction of the force applied is referred to as the ??
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moment arm
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T/F the moment generated by a muscle is a product of the force exerted by the muscle and the moment arm
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true
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