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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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case control study
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observational and retrospective--> asks "what happened"
Odds ratio-- patients with COPD had a higher odds of a history of smoking than those without COPD |
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cross sectional study
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Asks what is happening
Observational Measures: Disease Prevalance--> can show risk factors associated with the disease, but not causal to the disease |
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cohort study
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observational and prospective
Asks what will happen can measure the relative risk, Smokers had a higher risk of developing COPD than did nonsmokers |
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Clinical Trial
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Phase I: healthy volunteers, assess the safety, toxicty and pharmacokinetics of a drug
Phase II: on patietns with the disease of interest: tests efficacy of treatment, optimal dosing and adverse effects Phase III: large number of patients assigned either to the treatment under investigation, or placebo-- compares the new treatment to the current standard of care |
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meta-analysis
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pools data from several studies to come to an overall conclusion--> achieves greater statistical power
may be limited by the bias or quality of the individual studies |
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Sensitivity
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proportional of all people WITH the disease who test positve
used for screening in diseases with low prevalence SNOUT-- sensitivity rules OUT TP/ (TP + FN) if 100% sensitive, than TP/ (FP+ FN) = 1 and FN are 0 |
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How do you evaluate diagnostic tests?
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Test/ Disease + -
+ TP FP _ FN TN |
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positive skew
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mean> median> mode
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negative skew
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mean<median<mode
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precision
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reliable, consistent reproduction of the same thing
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accuracy
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the trueness of test measures, the validity of the test
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systematic error
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reduced accuracy of a test
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random error
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reduced precision in a test
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Type II Error
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Saying that NO difference exists, when in fact, one does
"setting a guilty man free" this is also called the beta 1-beta= Power |
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leading cause of death in people over 65?
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heart disease
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what is the leading cause of death in infants under 1 year?
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congentital anomalies
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leading cause of death in teeneages?
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children: accidents, in general
teenagers: MVA |
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What is the difference between dysthmic disorder and MDD?
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persistence of sx, dysthymic, need 2 for 2 years
MDD need 5 of 9 for 2 weeks |
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Good Samaratan Law
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care providers must use standard procedures, and the provider can not request or recieve compensation for their action
the patient may refuse care from the provider |
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WISC-Revised
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intelligence scale for children-- used to evaluate children from 6--->16 1/2 years
WAIS-- for people older than 16.5 |
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Vineland Social Maturity test
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for children with MR
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Emancipation
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parents are financially responsible for the child until the age of 18; marriage or court order would emancipate
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Mode
Negative Skew |
most common result
curve has the tail on the left mean<median<mode |
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Delusions
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are a disorder of thought content
hallucinations are a disorder of perception |
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Known complication of buproprion?
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It's an atypical antidepressant, inhibit reuptake of NE and Dopamine.
it can lower the seizure threshold--> even more pronounced in bulemic patients with electrolyte abnormalities fluoxetine is the only FDA approved drug to help prevent relapse in anorexics |
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Drug often used to treat eating disorders?
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Fluoxetine--
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Confounding error
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committed when another variable other than what was being studied influences the results
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atypical depression
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hypersomnia, overeating, mood reactivity (rather than persistant sadness)
weight gain, and sensitivity to rejection treat with MAO inhibitors or SSRI |
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Major Depressive Disorder, Reccurent
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2 times (the 5 or 9 for 2 weeks) with a symptom free interval of 2 months
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What kind of sleep patterns are seen in depressed patients?
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Multiple night awakenings, early morning awakenings (important screening question)
decreased REM latency, increased REM early in the sleep cycle, increased total REM Sleep |
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Treatment of Choice for Social Phobias?
Generalized Anxiety Disorders? |
SSRI (fluoxetine)
Buspirone |
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accumulated substrate in Fabry's?
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ceramide trihexoside
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accumulated substrate in Neiman Pick's?
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Sphingomyelin
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accumulated substrate in Krabbe's?
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galactocerebroside
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Citrate Synthase
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takes Acetyl Coa and Oxaloacetate and forms Citrate
this inhibits PFK and allosterically activates acetyl CoA Carboxylase (ACC) the enzyme regulating fatty acid synthesis |
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Rate limiting step for glycogenolysis, and then gluconeogenesis
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Glycogen Phosphorylase
Fructose 1,6 Bisphosphate |
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What are the protooncogenes
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Ras
TGF alpha Abl Sis ERB1 and ERB2 N-myc |
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N-myc
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a proto-oncogene--> tumor promotor if activated;
associated with small cellcarcinoma and neuroblastoma |
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metyrapone
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blocks cortisol production by inhibiting 11 beta hydroxylase
this decrease in cortisol should stimulate an increase in ACTH from the pituitary gland. |
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ALL
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may be B type (70%) or T-cell type;
T-cell type may present with anterior mediastinal compression (cough, etc) |
