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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
6 Hallmarks of Cancer:
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1. Growth Self Sufficiency
2. Evade Apoptosis 3. Sustained Angiogenesis 4. Limitless Replicative Potential 5. Invade and Metastasize 6. Ignore anti-growth signals |
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Two "NEW" Hallmarks:
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1. Reprogramming Energy Metabolism
2. Evading the Immune System |
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Of the two "NEW" Hallmarks of cancer,
Reprogramming Energy Metabolism: |
-Aerobic glycolysis (Warburg effect)
-Favored when rapid growth is required |
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Of the two "NEW" Hallmarks of cancer,
Evading the Immune System: |
-Most cancer patients are immunocompetent until treatments
-Happens more later |
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Carcinogenesis:
The key is ________ Genetic Damage |
NONLETHAL (doesn't kill)
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4 Classes of Regulatory Genes that are targets of genetic damage:
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1. Growth promoting proto-oncogenes
2. Growth inhibiting tumor suppressor genes 3. Genes that regulate apoptosis 4. Genes that are involved in DNA repair |
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Oncogenes
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Genes that induce a transformed phenotype when expressed in cells
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Oncogenes are usually mutated or overexpressed versions of
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normal genes - proto-oncogenes
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Dominant
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single allele is sufficient for transformation
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Tumor Suppressor Genes:
Genes that normally... |
Prevent uncontrolled growth
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Tumor Suppressor Genes:
When they are mutated or lost... |
the transformed phenotype appears
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Tumor Suppressor Genes:
Usually, both have to be damaged for phenotype to appear but sometimes a single allele will do it. This is called? |
HAPLOINSUFFICIENCY
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Tumor Suppressor Genes:
Two types are... |
1. Governors: mutations removes an important "stop" mechanism (RB)
2. Guardians: produce proteins that act as sensors of genomic damage (p53) |
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Genes that are involved in DNA repair may act as
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proto-oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes
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Give an example of a proto-oncogene that
regulates apoptosis |
BCL2
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Genetic Lesions that Lead to Cancer:
Karyotype Changes - |
Changes in the # and appearance of
chromosomes |
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Genetic Lesions that Lead to Cancer:
List 3 of these causes |
1. balanced translocations
2. deletions 3. gene amplifications |
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Genetic Lesions that Lead to Cancer:
In Balanced Translocation, List the 2 occurences |
1. Translocation moves the gene to where it's under an inappropriate, highly active promoter
(MYC & Burkitt's Lymphoma Follicular B cell lymphoma & BCL2) 2. Translocation make fusion proteins (CML & "Philadelphia" chromosome) |
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Genetic Lesions that Lead to Cancer:
In Balanced Translocation, -what are the most common types of cells -what happens here -why? |
-Lymphocytes & their precursors
-where genome rearrangements occur -these cells intentionally make DNA break during antibody or T cell receptor rearrangements |
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Genetic Lesions that Lead to Cancer:
Deletion is the... |
2nd most common karyotypic abnormality
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Genetic Lesions that Lead to Cancer:
Large Deletions are more common in |
nonhematopoietic solid tumors
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Genetic Lesions that Lead to Cancer:
Often ______ ______ are deleted |
tumor suppressors
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Genetic Lesions that Lead to Cancer:
Loss of heterozygosity means there's |
-point mutation in one allele
-deletion of the other |
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Genetic Lesions that Lead to Cancer:
Gene Amplifications = ? |
proto-oncogenes → (amplification) → oncogenes
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Genetic Lesions that Lead to Cancer:
2 examples of Gene Amplifications |
-NMYC neuroblastoma
-ERBB2 breast cancer |
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Genetic Lesions that Lead to Cancer:
Aneuploidy - |
number of chromosomes that is not a multiple of the normal haploid number (23)
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Genetic Lesions that Lead to Cancer:
What occurs during Aneuploidy |
Mitotic checkpoint errors
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Genetic Lesions that Lead to Cancer:
Non-coding single stranded regulatory RNA causes: (2) |
1. ↑ oncogene expression
2. ↓ tumor suppressor expression |
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Genetic Lesions that Lead to Cancer:
Epigenetics - |
reversible, heritable changes in gene expression
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Genetic Lesions that Lead to Cancer:
There are no ______ in epigenetics |
mutations
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Genetic Lesions that Lead to Cancer:
In epigenetics, _______ of _______ & _______ increase expression of genes |
Methylation of histones
and DNA |
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Genetic Lesions that Lead to Cancer:
In Epigenetics, cancer cells have global ________ of the genome and ________ of certain promotors |
-hypomethylation
-hypermethylation |
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Genetic Lesions that Lead to Cancer:
In Epigenetics, Hypomethylation - |
-silences gene expression
-make the genome unstable & leads to tumor in mice |
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Genetic Lesions that Lead to Cancer:
In Selective Pressures, Multiple genetic alterations = |
transformed phenotype
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Genetic Lesions that Lead to Cancer:
In Selective Pressures, Tumor Progression - |
is the fact that cancer becomes more malignant with time
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Genetic Lesions that Lead to Cancer:
In Selective Pressures, Initial tumor is ________ but by the time cancers reach their dangerous stage, they may be very _______ |
-monoclonal
-heterogenous |
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Genetic Lesions that Lead to Cancer:
In Selective Pressures, tumors undergo ______ _______ |
Darwinian Selection
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Genetic Lesions that Lead to Cancer:
What kind of Selective Pressures act on cancer cells? |
-immune
-non-immune |
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Genetic Lesions that Lead to Cancer:
Tumors that recur (appear again) are |
-more aggressive
-more resistant (refusal) to treatment |