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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Bones in which active hematopoiesis occurs
|
VERTEBRA, STERNUM, PELVIS
Ribs, skull, scapula Proximal long bones |
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EPO
(Erythropoietin) |
Source -- kidney
INCREASES RBC production Used in anemia of RF, chronic disease, malignancy |
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G-CSF and GM-CSF
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Sources -- monocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells
Note: Production is increased by inflammation (IL-1 [from monocytes]) INCREASE granulocyte release from BM INCREASE BM production of all cell lineages Used in neutropenias, BM transplantation |
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IL-3
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Source -- activated T lymphocytes
Causes proliferation of ALL hematopoietic precursors SYNERGISTIC with G-CSF, GM-CSF, SCF |
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SCF
(Stem Cell Factor) |
Sources -- fibroblasts, BM stomral cells
Enhances stem cell survival Mitogenic SYNERGISTIC with IL-6, IL-3, G(M)-CSF Used in BM failure |
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IL-5
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Source -- marrow stromal cells
Eosinophil growth factor |
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IL-1
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Source -- stimulated monocytes
Stimulates production of IL-2 and other cytokines (G-CSF) |
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Tumor Necrosis Factor
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Stimulates production of GM-CSF, M-CSF, and IL-1
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Retinoic acid
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Promotes granulocyte differentiation
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Cytokines induced by inflammation and infection
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GM-CSF, IL-3, IL-6
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Growth factors produced by Acute Myelogenous Leukemias
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GM-CSF, G-CSF, M-CSF
Produced in an AUTOCRINE fashion |
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Erythroblast
(Pronormoblast) |
Earliest identifiable erythroid cell
Fine chromatin, nucleoli Basophilic cytoplasm Found in the BM |
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Orthocromic Normoblast
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Pink cytoplasm
Nucleus is extruded following this stage Found in the BM |
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Reticulocyte
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Larger than mature RBCs
Slightly bluish-grey color (persistent RNA) Polychromasia -- the reaction to stain (methylene blue) |
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Erythropoietin
|
Regulator of erythrocyte production
Production of this is mediated by TISSUE O2 LEVELS |
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2,3 DPG
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Modulates the oxygen affinity of Hgb
Inc. 2,3 DPG results in Inc. O2 release |
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Anisocytosis
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Variation in RBC size (RDW)
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Poikilocytosis
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Variation in RBC shape
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Schistocytes
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Fragmented RBCs
Split or broken by physical means 3 main causes: DIC, TTP, HUS |
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Target Cells
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Concentrated Hgb in the center
Seen in thalassemia, liver disease, and post-splenectomy |
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Spherocytes
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Spherical RBCs, WITHOUT central pallor
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Ovalocyte
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Egg-shaped RBCs
|
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Elliptocytes
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Oblong RBCs, with nearly parallel sides
|
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Acanthocyte
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SPIKY RBC WITHOUT central pallor
Commonly seen in liver disease |
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Burr Cell
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RBC with knobby surface bumps
Usually, these are artifact Can be seen in Anemia of Renal Failure |
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Acute Intermittent Porphyria
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Defect in PORPHOBILINOGEN DEAMINASE
Signs -- ab pain, NEUROLOGIC defects |
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Variegate Porphyria
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Defect in protoporphyrinogen oxidase
Same symptoms as AIP, plus light sensitivity |
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Porphyria Cutanea Tarda
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PARTIAL defect in URO-DECARBOXYLASE
Signs -- dermal photosensitivity Can be triggered by estrogen and alcohol |
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Protoporphyria
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Due to decreased Heme Synthetase (ferrochelatase)
Dermal photosensitivity is increased |
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Thalassemia
|
Hgb synthesis disorder
Decr. globin chain synthesis Often entails chronic hemolytic anemia |
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Spectrins
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Proteins that link to form "scaffolding" for RBCs
|
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Ankyrins
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Proteins that bind RBC membrane to "scaffolding"
|
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Normal HCT values
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Women -- .35 - .47
Men -- .40 - .52 |
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Normal Hgb values
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Women -- 120 - 160
Men -- 130 - 180 |
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Normal MCV values
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80 - 100 fl for both men and women
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3 major patterns of anemia
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Hemolytic (Inc. R-cytes, Decr. M:E)
Hypoproliferative (Decr. R-cytes, Incr. M:E) Ineff. Erythropoiesis (Decr. R-cytes, Decr. M:E) |
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Hemosiderin
|
Storage form of iron
Commonly seen in MACROPHAGES |
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Heme Oxygenase
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Separates iron from heme @ enterocyte membrane
|
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Ferroportin
Hephaestin |
Transport iron across BASOLATERAL membrane
Hand iron off to transferrin |
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Divalent Metal Transporter 1
|
Protein that transports ferric iron across apical membrane
|
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Hepcidin
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Primary regulator for the absorption and release of iron
Manufactured in the liver High plasma iron --> Incr. hepcidin --> Decr. release of iron Low plasma iron --> Decr. hepcidin --> Incr. release of iron |
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Ceruloplasmin
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Important in mobilizing iron from macrophages
Iron oxidized and incorporated into ferric transferrin |
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Sequence of iron depletion in anemia
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BM --> RBCs --> other tissues
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Type of anemia that Iron Def. Anemia is
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Microcytic
Hypochromic |
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Serum Iron (SI)
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All iron bound to transferrin
|
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Total Iron Binding Capacity
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Approximates amount of transferrin
% Saturation = SI divided by TIBC |
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Soluble transferrin receptor
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Reflects the total body mass of cellular transferrin receptor
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Type of Anemia that anemia of inflammation is
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Normocytic
Normochromic |
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Type of anemia that Anemia of RF is
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Normocytic
Normochromic |
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Type of anemia that Sideroblastic Anemia ia
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Microcytic
Hypochromic Note: has "ringed sideroblasts" |