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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
How many liters of blood in an adult? |
5-6 liters |
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Blood function as a ________ in distributing ions and other small molecules and in thermoregulation. |
homoeostatic manner |
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Hematocrit |
-the volume of packed cells relative to the total volume (35-45%) |
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Buffy Coat |
a thin, lighter layer comprised of leukoctyes (WBCs) and platelets |
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Plasma: what is it and what 3 proteins does it contain (GAF)? |
-intercellular fluid of blood containing clotting factors (serum doesn't have C. factors) -important protein: globulins, albumin & fibrinogen (GAF) |
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Albumin vs fibrinogen vs globulins |
-3 proteins of plasma (contains clotting factors) G- functions in immune response A- maintains osmotic pressure of blood F- required for clotting |
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Erythrocytes: describe it (5) |
-biconcave -7-8 um diamters, 2 um thickness -turnover= 120 days -produced in bone marrow -no mitochondria: can only perform glycolysis |
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What proteins does erythropoietin contain? (7) |
-hemoglobin-carbaminohemoglobin-carbonic anhydrase-Band 3 antiport-glycophorin-spectrin/ ankyrin-Na+K+ ATPase |
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Hemoglobin |
-contains heme molecules (which contains Fe-) -heme reversibly binds O2 -reacts to CO2 at N-terminus to form carbaminohemoglobin |
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What are 3 important proteins for CO2 transport in blood? |
-carbaminohemoglobin (a carbonate) -Carbonic anhydrase: converts CO2 to bicarbonate anion (HCO3-; more soluble) -Band 3 antiport: exchanges HCO3- with Cl- to proceed down bicarbonate gradient |
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Glycophorin |
carries majority of the blood group ABO antigens |
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spectrin/ ankyrin |
helps red blood cell maintain its biconcave shape Spectrin- forms net-like web beneath RBC PM; anchored by ankyrin Ankyrin- anchors spectrin to PM; interacts with integral membrane proteins in RBCs |
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Na+K+ ATPase |
maintains osmolality and electrochemical gradients |
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What proteins does erythropoietin contain? (7) |
-hemoglobin -carbaminohemoglobin -carbonic anhydrase -Band 3 antiport -glycophorin -spectrin/ ankyrin -Na+K+ ATPase |
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Blood Typing |
-avoid agglutination of RBCs -A/B/O alleles -Genotypes: AA, BB, etc. -blood group antigens forms dterminants (antibody-binding substructures) |
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N-acteylgalactosaminyltranferase; N-acetylgalactosamine |
Type A N-acteylgalactosaminyltranferase transfers terminal sugar (N-acetylgalactosamine) to the A-antigen |
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Galactosyltransferase; galactose |
Type B; Galactosyltransferase transfers galactose to make the B-antigen |
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What blood type doesn't make an active enzyme and can't transfer the terminal sugar? |
Type O |
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The O-antigen is also known as __________. |
H-antigen |
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T/F: biosynthesis of A and B antigens is perfect. |
False; it's not Note- A,B and AB individuals carry SOME O-structures as a result of this imperfection, which is why A, B and AB don't recognize the O antigen (H-antigen) |
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AB individuals can't recognize any antigens as foreign; thus they are known as _________. |
Universal Recipients |
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Type O individuals have no antigens that could be recognized as foreign to anyone, thus are known as ____________. |
Universal Donors |
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SEE TABLE OF BLOOD GROUPS IN HIS PDF! |
SEE TABLE OF BLOOD GROUPS IN HIS PDF! |
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Rhesus Monkeys |
-refers to Rh classification -Rh-factor= D-antigen; present on RBC surface -Rh+ has the D-antigen; Rh- doesn't -antigodies to Rh antigens aren't high enough to cause massive agglutination |
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Eryhtroblastosis Fetalis |
a disease of fetal and newborn infants who are Rh positive, where their mother is rh negative |
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Anemia is characterized by _______ oxygen transport to tissues. |
lower 3 types of anemia: sickle cell anemia, pernicious anemia & aplastic anemia |
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Sickle Cell Anemia |
-sickle-shape in homozygotes; no change in RBC biconcavity in heterozygotes -heterozygotes selected for in malarial infested areas |
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Pernicious Anemia |
decreased ability to transport vitamin B12 due to a deficiency of intrinsic factor -intake of VB12 doesn't help because PA is due to intrinsic factor -erythrocytes are larger (macrocytes) and don't transport O2 efficiently |
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Where are intrinsic factors produced? |
produced by parietal cells in the stomach |
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Aplastic Anemia |
-insufficient RBCs -may be due to exposure to irradiation or chemitherapeutic reagents that prevent cell division |
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Platelets |
-involved in clotting -smaller than RBC (1-2 um in diameter) -rounded in shape -derived from megakaryoctye in bone marrow -last ~1 week and then removed by splenic macrophages |
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How do platelets clot? |
they bind to collagen in the extracellular matrix and to other platelets |
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Platelet Release Reaction |
-refers to a shape change of platelets -occurs by the cytoplasmic extensions, release of molecules that initiate blood clot formation (formation of fibrin polymers) and secrete factors that are chemoattractants for monocytes |
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Chemoattractants for monocytes |
engulfs clot components including platelets and will initiate angiogenesis and wound healing |
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Megakaryocytes |
-reside in marrow -responsible for the production of blood thrombocytes (platelets), which are necessary for normal blood clotting. -large cells that undergo endoreduplication of nuclear material (as high as 64 N) -contains a labyrinthine network of platelet demarcation channels |
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Thrombopoietin |
stimulatates overall platelet production by increasing megakaryocyte production in the bone marrow |
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What 2 clotting proteins are important in clotting events? Describe them |
-Prothrombin- cleaves thrombin -Thrombin- cleaves Fibrinogen -Fibrinogen: gets cleaved into fibrin NOTE: YOU MUST MAKE FIBRIN TO CLOT- blood clot formation occurs due to the formation of fibrin polymers |
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What 2 pathways are important to clotting? |
1) Intrinsic Pathway: interaction of a factor with collagen in DAMAGED TISSUE 2) Extrinsic Pathway: the release of THROMBOPLASTIN from tissue |
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Leukocytes |
-involved in defense -formed from bone marrow pleuripotential stem cells -reside for 8-12 hours in blood -leave the blood by diapedesis through endothelial cell layers wherever infectious/ inflammatory agents are present |
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Diapedesis |
Leukocytes leave the blood by diapedesis through endothelial cell layers wherever infectious/ inflammatory agents are present. |
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What are the 5 leukocytes? |
-neutrophils -basophils -mast cells -eosinophil -monocytes |
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Neutrophils |
-most abundant leukocyte (55-60%) -referred to as polymorphonuclear leukocytes because of their multilobed nucleus -phagocytic -release chemotaxins to recruit other neutrophils |
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What is pus and a fever induced by? |
Pus- dead bacteria and neutrophils (neutrophils die after engulfing bacteria) Fever- the release of bacterial endotoxins from dying/ leaking neutrophils |
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Chemotaxins |
contained with neutrophils that recruit other neutrophils |
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What are 2 types of granules of neutrophils? |
The first: contains phagocytins (antibacterial proteins) The second: a lysosome that contains hydrolases (to digest bacterium) |
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Basophils |
-least abundant (0.5%) -irregular nucleus -has basophilic granules that contain heparin (an acid) and histamine |
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Histamine |
-contained within large basophilic granules -promotes local vasodilation of blood vessels and increase their permeability -have affinity IgE receptors; when IgE antibodies bind allergens, the complexes triggers massive release of Basophils components into tissue |
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How can anaphylactic shock occur? |
Histamine contains IgE receptors. When IgE antibodies binds to allergens, the complex will trigger massive release of basophil components (histamine and heparin). If this happens enough, shock can occur. |
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Mast Cells |
-bilobed nucleus -have granules containing histamine/ heparin -migrate into tissues prior to maturation (basophils mature in the bone marrow) -bind IgE-antigen complexes, causing swelling (edema) -respond to inhaled antigens/ activate smooth muscle contraction (asthma) -releases ECF-A factor |
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How can asthma occur? |
When mast cells bind to IgE-antigen complexes in the airways (in response to inhaled antigens), activating smooth muscle contraction. |
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ECF-A |
eosinophil chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis; recruits eosinophils to regions of mast cell activity |
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Eosinophils |
-1-3% of leukocytes -phagaocytizes foreign antigen/ antibodies -contains large lysosomal granules with major basic protein and histaminidase -bilobed nucleus |
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T/F: Parasitic infections often lead to very high levels of Monocytes |
False; eosinophils |
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Major basic protein |
participates as a helminthotoxin; along with histaminidase, it is part of eosinophil granules |
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Monocytes |
-4-8% |