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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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**What is the rarest type of ABO type?
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AB
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**What is Landsteiner's Rule?
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That almost all normal healthy ppl older than 3-6 months have naturally occurring antibodies to ABO antigen they lack
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What is the Bonbay phenotype?
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Rare. Ppl that lack A and B antigens (apparent group O) but have antibodies to A and B but also to an apparent O antigen. Only safe blood donor for Bombay is from another person with Bombay
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When do rbc A and B antigens develop?
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As early as 6th wk of fetal life, but increases slowly in concentration. Adult levels reached around age 3
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**What type of antibodies are ABO abs?
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Mostly IgM, but some can be IgA and IgG. Capable of activating complement and are saline agglutinins.
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How do ABO abs form?
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Shortly after birth after exposure to environment agents
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**What are the Rh antigens/ antibodies?
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6: C, D, E, c, d, e
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**What is the one Rh antibody that does not exist?
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anti-d
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What percent of the population is Rh pos?
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85%
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What diseases can affect the ABO system? What happens?
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CLL, CA stomach, non-hodgkins lymphoma. Can lead to an alteration in the ABO antigens or antibodies. Or there can be a decrease in antigen strength.
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What is it called when forward and reverse typing don't match?
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Cell-serum group discrepancy
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What are 6 technical errors that can cause a forward/reverse typing discrepancy?
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Failure to follow manufacture directions, contaminated reagents, improper concentration of RBCs, failure to add reagents or improper amts, improper centrifugation, warmin of test
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What are 5 causes of discrepancies of forward/ reverse typing?
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Tehcnical error/clerical, weak or missing antiboides, unexpected cold-reactive autoantibodies, unexpected cold-reactive antibodies, rouleaux
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What is the most common cause of a forward/reverse discrepancy?
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Weak or missing antibody. Can be seen in very young and very old, or in certain disease states.
Neonatal, elderly, hypogammaglobulinemia, immunosuppressed, bone marrow transplants |
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**What does the consent for possible transfusion usually consist of?
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Explanation of risks, benefits and alternatives. Allowing an opportunity for pt to ask questions. Obtaining a signature
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What is the most commonly transmitted viral agent via blood products?
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CMV
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What is the most common infectious complication of blood product transfusion?
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Hep C 1-2%
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**What are 5 complications from transfusions?
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Infection (HIV, Hep), Febrile reactions/ hives, Fever, Urticaria, Serious complications (pulmonary edema, renal failure, anaphylaxis, bacterial contamination, death)
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**What is the most common complication from transfusions? What percentage?
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Fever. 5%. Antipyretics or antihistamines given prophylactically to recipient to treat fever.
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What are 4 options as opposed to normal blood transfusion?
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Autologous blood donation, designated blood transfusion, autologous blood savage, transfusion adjunts
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What is an autologous blood donation?
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Patient's own blood collected preoperatively for storage and eventual transfusion. Donation up to 1 unit every 72 hours as long as hct is >33%
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What is autologous blood salvage?
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Intraoperative blood salvage - passing recovered blood through cell saver via washing and centrifugation. Not used in cancer surgeries - risk of transfusing cancer cells that could metastasize. Also not used if risk of bacterial contamination.
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What are transfusion adjuncts?
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Recombinanat erythropoietin used in pts w/ renal failure to increase rbc mass. Preoperative hemodilution
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**How long is type and crossed blood held in reserve?
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approx 24 hrs
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**What is the volume of 1 unit of whole blood?
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450 mL. Not usually used
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**What is the volume of 1 unit packed red cells?
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250-300 mL most common product
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What is the volume of platelets? How is it usually administered?
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50 mL. Usually given in multiples of 6-10 packs per patient
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What does cryo contain?
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Factors VIII and XIII, vWF and fibrinogen
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What does FFP contain?
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II, IV, VII, IX, X, XI, XII. Used for pts w/ undiagnosed bleeding condition or when lrg quant of packed rbcs may be required. 150-250 mL per unit
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What product is used for people undergoing rental transplantation or immunocompromised or ppl w/ previous transfusion reactions?
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Washed RBCs - almost all wbcs removed
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What is Leukocyte poor blood cells?
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Most WBCs removed to make it less antigenic. Less pure than washed RBCs One unit = 200-250 mL
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What size needle used for transfusion?
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18G or larger
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What are blood products transfused with?
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Only isotonic saline. Other solutions could cause agglutination or lysis
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