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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What forms most of the vertebral arch?
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Pedicles
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What travels through the vertebral foramen?
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Spinal cord
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What are the components of the typical vertebra?
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Two pedicles
Two lamanae Two transverse processes One spinal process Vertebral body |
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How many articular processes are found in the typical vertebra?
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4
Two superior Two inferior |
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What type of joints are the intervertebral body joints?
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Amphiarthroidal
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What separates the intervertebral bodies
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Disks
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Where are the facet joints?
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The joints of the superior and inferior articular processes
Also called the zygapophyseal joints |
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What forms the intervertebral disks?
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Outer fibrous tissue - annulus fibrosus
Soft, gelatinous center - nucleus pulposus |
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Which vertebra have bifid spinous processes?
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Cervical
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The vertebra prominens is at:
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C7
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Which vertebra has no body?
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C1
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Which vertebra has the odontoid process?
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C2
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How can T1 be located on an x-ray
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First rib is attached
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What are the indications for an open-mouth projection of C1-C2?
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Fractures of C1 and C2
Odontoid fractures Jefferson fracture - burst fracture of C1 |
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What is the head position of an open-mouth projection?
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Mouth wide open
CR perpendicular to IR at level of upper incisors |
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What is the CR angle AP axial projection of the cervical spine?
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15 - 20 degrees cephalad
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Where is the CR directed for an AP axial projection of the cervical spine?
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Lower margin of thyroid cartilage (C4)
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What are the respiratory patient instructions during an AP axial projection of the cervical spine.
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Suspend respiration
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What are the indications for oblique views of the cervical spine?
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Pathology of the cervical spine
Stenosis of the intervertebral foramen |
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Why are anterior oblique positions preferred over posterior oblique positions when imaging the cervical spine?
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Reduced thyroid dose
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What is the body and head rotation for an oblique view of the c-spine?
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45 degrees
Chin protracted |
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What is the CR position for an oblique c-spine image?
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Level at upper margin of thyroid cartilage
15 degrees caudad for AO 15 degrees cephalad for PO |
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What are the indications for a lateral view of the c-spine?
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Pathology of the c-spine
Arthritis and spondylosis |
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What is the patient position for a lateral image of the c-spine?
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Patient lateral and asked to drop shoulders down and forward with chin protracted
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What is the CR position for a lateral image of the c-spine?
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Perpendicular to IR
Upper border just above ears Center CR to upper margin of thyroid cartilage (C4) |
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What is a clay shoveler's fracture
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Fracture of the spinous process of the lower cervical or upper thoracic vertebra
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What is a hangman's fracture?
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Fracture of the pedicles of C2
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What are the indications for a lateral position, horizontal beam c-spine image?
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Usually done in trauma patients
Done for clay shoveler's fracture, compression fracture, hangman's fracture, odontoid fracture, teardrop burst fracture and subluxation |
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What should be done with the cervical collar during a horizontal beam cervical spine?
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Must be left on
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What is the patient position for a horizontal beam c-spine image?
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Patient supine
Do not move neck Depress shoulders |
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What is the CR position for a horizontal beam c-spine image?
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Centered at C4 level (upper border of thyroid cartilage)
Beam 1 - 2 inches above table |
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What IR is used for a horizontal beam c-spine image?
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18 x 24 lengthwise - no grid
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What are the respiratory instructions for a horizontal beam c-spine image?
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Suspend respiration in full exhalation
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What are the indications for a Swimmers c-spine image?
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Pathology of the inferior cervical and upper thoracic vertebra
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What is the patient position for a cervicothoracic (swimmer's) lateral c-spine image?
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Patient's arm near IR up and resting on head
Patient at 90 degrees to IR Also called the Twining method |
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What is the CR position for a cervicothoracic (swimmer's) lateral c-spine image?
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Perpendicular to IR
Level of T1 ( 1" above jugular notch) |
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What are the respiratory instructions for a cervicothoracic (swimmer's) lateral c-spine image?
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Suspend respiration in full exhalation
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What are the indications for lateral hyperextension and hyperflexion c-spine images?
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Demonstrate vertebral mobility
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What is the patient position for lateral hyperextension and hyperflexion c-spine images?
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Full lateral
Shoulders depressed Hyperflexion - chin to chest Hyperextension - chin elevated to maximum possible |
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What is the CR for lateral hyperextension and hyperflexion c-spine images?
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Horizontal at level of upper thyroid cartilage (C4)
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What are the respiratory instructions for lateral hyperextension and hyperflexion c-spine images?
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Suspend respiration in full exhalation
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What are the indications for AP or PA projection of C1- C2?
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Pathology of the dens and bony structures of the C1 ring
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What is the patient position for AP or PA projection of C1- C2?
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AP (Fuchs Method) - patient supine, chin elevated, CR angled parallel to mental line
PA (Judd Method) - patient prone, neck extended, CR parallel to mental line 1" inferior to mastoid tip Suspend respiration for either image |
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What are the indications for the 'Wagging Jaw" view?
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Pathology of the dens and C1
Also called the Ottonello Method |
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How is the patient positioned for the 'Wagging Jaw" view?
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Supine
Patient opening and closing mouth continuously Low mA with long exposure |
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How is the CR directed for the 'Wagging Jaw" view?
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Perpendicular to IR at C4
Respiration suspended |
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What are the indications for an AP axial projection of the c-spine?
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Pathology of the posterior vertebral arch of C4 - C7
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What is the patient position for an AP axial projection of the c-spine?
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Supine, arms at side
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What is the CR angle for an AP axial projection of the c-spine?
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20 - 30 caudad
At lower margin of thyroid cartilage (C5) Suspend respiration |