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192 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Together, the ovarvies and testes are referred to as the "naughty bits" or ___________.
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Gonads
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In sequence, the four regions of the spine and spinal cord are, from head to bottom, the ___________, ___________, ___________, and ___________.
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Cervical
Thoracic Lumbar Sacral |
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The motor division of the autonomic nervous sytem that is active during periods of threat is the ___________ nervous system.
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Sympathetic
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The adrenal ___________ cortex releases hormones that influence energy metabolism, mineral balance, and reproductive behavior.
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Cortex
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The ___________ secretes releasing hormones.
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hypothalamus
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The ___________ nervous system is the major division of the peripheral nervous system that participates in the regulation of the body's internal environment.
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autonomic
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The H-shaped area of tissue in the core of the spinal cord is referred to as the spinal ___________ matter.
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gray
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Nerves emerge from the spinal cord at 31 different levels; ___________ motor nerves and ___________ sensory nerves emerge from each level
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2
2 |
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The ___________ secretes tropic hormones.
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pituitary
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Nerves that carry signals toward a structure are said to be ___________ with respect to that structure.
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AFFERENT
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The ___________ nervous system increases heart rate, stimulates adrenaline secretion from the adrenal medulla, and decreases salivation.
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sympathetic
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The brain and spinal cord together compose the ___________ nervous system.
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Central
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The nerves of the ___________ division of the ANS leave the CNS from the brain and the sacral region of the spinal cord.
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parasympathetic
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Two important glands are visible on the underneath surface of the brain. The __________ is suspended by a stalk from the ________________.
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Pituitary
Hypothalamus |
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The two divisions of nthe peripheral nervous system are the autonomic nervous system and the ________ nervous system.
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somatic
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Sensory nerves enter the spinal cord via the ___________roots; motor nerves exit via the _________ roots.
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Dorsal
Ventral |
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All ________________ glands release hormones into the blood stream.
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endocrine
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Sympathetic nervous system activity causes the adrenal _________ to release hormones, such as adrenaline, which habve effects similar to those of the sympathetic nervous system.
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medulla
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The __________ ____________ is the division of the CNS that mediates many of the rapid reflexive responses of our skeletal muscles, such as the reflexive withdrawal of a hand from a burning stove.
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spinal cord
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There are two kinds of fibers in the peripheral nervous system: sensory nerves and ___________ nerves.
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motor
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The anatomy of the spinal cord is usually studies in a series of ________ sections.
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cross
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A lesion to both sides of the brain is said to be a ____________ lesion.
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bilateral
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A pathway from the right hand to the left side of the brain is said to be _______________ pathway.
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contralateral
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Posterior is also known as ____.
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caudal
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Anterior is also known as ___________.
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rostral
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APs are _________ potentials, that is they occur full blown or not at all.
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all-or-none
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Two kinds of fibers extend from the somas of many neurons: one long __________________ and many shoprt bushy ____________.
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axons
dendrites |
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The tiny bulbous endings of axon branches are called ___________.
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buttons
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The ______ of a neuron is the large spherical structure that contains its genetic material.
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nucleus
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_____________ potentials are conducted nondecrementally.
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Action
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In the cell body, the _______ APPARATUS PACKAGES PROTEINS IN VESICLES FOR TRANSPORT TO OTHER PARTS OF THE NEURON.
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Golgi
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The process of neurotransmitter relase is called ____________________.
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exocytosis
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Neurotransmitter molecules are often stored in synaptic __________ near the presynaptic membrane.
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vesicles
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Together the dendrites and cell body are referred to as the __________ area of a neuron.
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receptive
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Action potentials are generated at the axon ___________.
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hillock
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Each synapse is sandwiched between a _________ membrane and a ___________ membrane.
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presynaptic
postsynaptic |
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Neurotransmitter molecules, once released, diffuse across the ___________.
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synapse
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Prominent in the cytoplasm of the cell body is a system of plate-shaped membranous sacs, much of which as a rough appearance. This structure is called the _____________ ___________.
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endoplasmic reticulum
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Neurotransmitted molecules bind in a key-in-lock fashion to postsynaptic _____________.
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receptors
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The cone-shaped junction between cell body and the axon is the _____________.
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axon hillock
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Proteins are synthesized on ____________, which give the rough endoplasmic reticulum its rough appearance.
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ribosomes
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Unlike APs, EPSPs and IPSPs are conducted instantly and _____________.
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decrementally
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The ____________ or soma is the metabolic center of a neuron.
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cell body
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Gaps in the myelin of myelinated axons are called nodes of ____________.
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Ranvier
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Conduction in myelinated axons is called ______ conduction.
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saltatory
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In the terminal buttons, the _______________ manufactures synaptic vesicles from fragments of button membrane.
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Golgi apparatus
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__________________ myelinate CNS axons.
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Ogliodendrocytes
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______________ receptors are associated with signal proteins and G-proteins.
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metabotrophic
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The rhombencephalon, the mesencephalon, and the prosencephalon are known more commonly as the ____________, the ____________, and the ____________, respectively.
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hindbrain
midbrain forebrain |
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The lips of the neural _________ fuse to form the neural tube.
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groove
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The alignment of developing neurons into the structures of the nervous system is called ________________.
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aggregation
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The telencephalon and the ____________ compose the forebrain.
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diencephalon
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The _____________ and the myelencephalon compose the hindbrain.
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metencephalon
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At the tip of each growing axon is a _________________ __________.
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growth cone
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Paradoxically, neuron _____ is an important phase of neural development; it reduces the number of neurons in some parts of the brain by up to 85%.
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death
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Many axons become _______________ by ________ cells.
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myelinated
glial |
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The neural tube develops into the CNS; the neural __________ develops into the PNS.
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crest
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Of the brain's five divisions, the most anterior is the ________, and the most posterior is the _________________.
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telencephalon
myencephalon |
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Prior to the development of the neural plate, the cells that will ultimately compose it are ______________.
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totipotential
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_____________ occurs in the part of the neural tube adjacent to its fluid-filled interior.
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Proliferation
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The ______________lies between the diencephalon and the metencephalon.
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mesencephalon
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Fasciculation results in later growth cones following the trail of the ________ growth cone.
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pioneer
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The fact that some axons grow to their correct target cells, even when the target cellsw have been transplatned to a new location supports the ____________ theory.
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chemoaffinity
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The fact that some axons grow to the location of their correct target scells, even when the target cells have been removed supports the __________ theory.
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blueprint
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The brain is composed of the two cerebral hemispheres and the ____________ _________.
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brain stem
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The __________ nerve is the 10th cranial nerve; it is the longest cranial nerve, and it conducts signals to and from the organs of the gut.
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vagas
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Together, the diencephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon, and myelencephalong compose the ________ ________.
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brain stem
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Tehtoughest menynx is the __________.
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dura mater
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Connecting the third and fourth eventricles is the cerebral _____________.
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aqueduct
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Cerebrospinal fluid flows through the ____________ space, the space between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater.
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subarachnoid
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The pia mater adheres to the surface of the _________ nervous system.
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central
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The spinal cord has no ventricles; instead it has the ___________ ____________.
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central canal
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The _____ _____________ is located in the third ventricle and connects the left and right diencephalon.
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massa intermedia
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The ____________ ventricles are the two ventricles of the cerebral hemispheres.
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lateral
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The inner menynx is the _______ ________.
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pia mater
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When babies are born with tumors near the cerebral aqueduct, ___________ is often the result.
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hydrocephalus
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The most posterior area of the brain stem is the _____________.
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myencephalon
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Tracts are to nuclei as nerves are to _______________.
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ganglia
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There are ____ pairs of crainial nerves.
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12
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The corpus callosum is the largest cerebral _______________.
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commisure
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The _____________ fissure divides the two cerebral hemispheres.
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longitudinal
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The olfactory, optic, and vestibulocochlear nerves are the three pairs of purely ____________ cranial nerves.
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sensory
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The motor fibers of the cranial nerves are considered to be part of the ______________ division of the autonomic nervous system.
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parasympathetic
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Together, the two cerebral hemispheres compose the _____________.
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telencephalon
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The ___________ nerve is the 5th cranial nerve; it has three major branches, which carry signals to and from the face.
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trigeminal
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Tracts and nerves are composed mainly of ___________.
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axons
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The two cerebral ventricles that are located on the midline of the brain are the __________and ___________ ventricles.
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3rd
4th |
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The plural of menynx is ______________.
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meninges
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The myelencephalon is commonly called the ____________.
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medulla
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In general, each cerebral hemisphere controls the __________ side of the body.
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contralateral
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Running up the core of the brain stem from the medulla to the midbrain is the ________ ______________; it plays a role in alertness, attention, and sleep.
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reticular formation
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The tectum comprises two pairs of nuclei: the _________ superior colliculi, which play a role in vision, and the _________ colliculi, which play a role in audition.
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Superior
inferior |
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The metencephalon minus the cerebellum equals the ________.
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pons
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The __ ___________________ is located in the _________ ventricle between the two lobes of the thalamus.
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massa intermedia
third |
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Cranial nerves 5, 6, 7, and 8 extend from the ___ to the metencephalon
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pons
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The myencephalon consists mainly of ____________ matter.
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white
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The cerebellum is connected to the rest of the brain by the three pairs of cerebellar _______, the most inferior of which connects the cerebellum to the ____________ of the medulla.
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peduncles
olives |
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The ____________________ tracts, which are major/descending movement pathways, decussate in theposterior part of the medulla.
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pyramidal
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Releasing factors are released by hypothalamic neurons into hypothatamopituitary portal system, which carries them to the ________ pituitary.
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anterior
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The cerebellum is part of the ______________.
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metencephalon
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Oxytocin and vasopressin are synthesized and released by neurons that have their cell bodies in the paraventricular and supraoptic nucleus of the ________________ and their terminal buttons in the _________ pituitary.
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HYPOTHALAMUS
POSTERIOR |
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The ventral posterior, lateral geniculate, and medial geniculate are sensory relay nuclei that are located in the ___________.
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thalamus
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Damage to the _______________ results in ataxia.
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cerebellum
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The ventromedial nuclei, suprachiasmatic nuclei, and mammillary bodies are nuclei of the ___________.
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hypothalamus
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Strictly speaking, it is not the pituitary that releases topic hormones; it is the ______________ pituitary.
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anterior
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The cerebral aqueduct is located in the ____________.
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mesencephalon
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The mesencephalon minus the tegmentum equals the ______________.
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tectum
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The left and right cerebralo hemispheres are separated by the __________ fissure.
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longitudinal
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The _________________ is an allocortical structure of the medial temporal lobes.
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hippocampus
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Just superior to the corpus callosum is the ________ cortex, which is a structure of the limbic system.
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cingulate
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At the posterior pole of each hemisphere is the ___________ lobe.
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occipital
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Most human cerebral cortex is neocortex; only about 10% is ____________.
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allocortex
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The caudate, putamemn,globus pallidus, and amygdala are collectively referred to as the ____________ ____________.
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basal ganglia
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Association areas receive much of their input from _______ sensory areas.
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secondary
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The primary motor area receives substantial input from the ______________ motor areas.
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secondary
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Caudate plus putmen equals ______________.
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striatum
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Parkinson's disease is characterized by a deterioration of dopaminergic neurons that project from the substantia nigra to the _______________.
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striatum
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The _________ and ______________ gyri are on opposie sides of the central fissure; their functions are motor and sensory, respectively.
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pre control
post control |
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Each area of secondary sensory cortex receives input from only one _________ sensory area.
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primary
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The primary gustatory cortex is in the parietal lobe, largely out of site in the _______________ fissure.
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lateral
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The hippocampus, cingulate cortex, septum, and fornix are all structures of the ____________ system.
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limbic
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The central fissure separates the parietal lobe from the _______ lobe.
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frontal
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The lateral fissure separates the pareital lobe from the ___________ lobe.
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temporal
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The fornix connects the ___________ to the septum and mannillary bodies.
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hippocampus
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The ______ ___________ lies between the thalamus and putamen.
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globus pallidus
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The primary motor cortex and primary somatosensory cortex are on opposite sides of the ____________ fissure.
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central
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Neocortex is to allocortex as 6 is to _____.
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3
|
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Located between the lateral fissure and the middle temporary gyrus is the ______ temporal gyrus.
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superior
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Retinal ___________ cells carry signals out of the eye to the lateral geniculate nuclei.
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ganglion
|
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The ______________ nerve leaves the cochlea as part of the 8th cranial nerve and terminates in the ipsilateral cochlear nuclei.
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auditory
|
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Axons from the medial hemiretinas _______ in the optic ciasm; axons from the lateral hemiretinas do not.
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decussate
|
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Primary somatosensory cortex is located in the _________ gyrus of each ________ lobe.
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postcentral
parietal |
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As the result of the pattern of decussation in the visual pathways, information about any object that we see to the left of our center of gaze is conducted from the left eye to the __ hemisphere and from the right eye to the ___________ hemisphere.
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right
right |
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Information about touch and proprioception ascends the spinal cord ipsilaterally in the ______________ spinal cord.
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dorsolateral
|
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The two general regions of secondary visual cortex in each hemisphere are the prestriate cortex and the _____________ cortex.
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inferotemporal
|
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The optic nerves become known as the _________ _________________ once they have passed the optic chiasm and entered the brain.
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optic tracts
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|
The superior olivary nuclei receive signals from the cochlear nuclei and conduct them via the lateral lemnisci to the inferior _______________.
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colliculi
|
|
The thalamic relay nuclei of the auditory system are the medial ________ nuclei.
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geniculate
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Primary auditory cortex is located in the superior region of each _________ lobe.
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temporal
|
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Much of the primary auditory cortex is in ____ gyri, which are located in the _________ fissure.
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Herschel's
lateral |
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The primary visual cortex constitutes much of the ___________ lobe.
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occipital
|
|
The dorsal column nuclei are located in the _______________.
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medulla
|
|
The PAG is locatedin the midbrain around the cerebral ____________.
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aqueduct
|
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Tactual and proprioceptive information from the face reaches the brain via the three branches of the _____________ nerve, the fifth cranial nerve.
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trigeminal
|
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Primary visual cortex is organized ____________, primary auditory cortex is organized _________________________; and the primary somatosensory cortex is organized ______________.
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retinotopically
tonotopically somatotopically |
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The topographic map in primary somatosensory cortex is often referred to as the somatosensory ____________.
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homeonuclus
|
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Secondary visual, auditory, and somatosensory cortexes all project to posterior _____________ association cortex.
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parietal
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Endorphins excite neurons in the __________________ gray.
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periqueductal
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The __________ nuclei are serotonergic nuclei of the midbrain reticular formation.
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Raphe
|
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The Wernicke's Geschwind model of language was propsed in the mid ____________.
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1960s
|
|
Language related abilities are sedom disrupted by lesions of the __________ hemisphere.
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right
|
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According to the Wernicke Geschwind model, the ______________ gyrus translates read words into the auditory code.
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angular
|
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Primary __________ cortex is located in the precentral gyrus.
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motor
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Primary __________ cortex is located in the postcentral gyrus.
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somatosensory
|
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Although not predicted by the Wenicke Geschwind model, reading activates the _________ prefrontal cortex (ie. the frontal cortex in the longitudinal fissure).
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medial
|
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In the following three regions of the surface of the left hemisphere, elicqtrical stimulation often disrupts the naming of common objects; posterior frontal cortex, __________ pareital cortex, _____________ temporal cortex.
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inferior
superior |
|
Superior to the angular gyrus is _____________ parietal cortex.
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posterior
|
|
The angular gyrus is in the ____________ lobe at its boundary with the temporal lobe.
|
parietal
|
|
Thinking about going for a walk along a particular route produced activity in the superior prefrontal cortex, the posterior parietal cortex, inferior prefrontal cortex and the inferior __________ cortex of both hemispheres.
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temporal
|
|
The precentral gyrus is in the ______________ lobe.
|
frontal
|
|
According to the Wenicke Geschwind model, ___________ area is the center of language comprehension
|
Wernicke's
|
|
According to the Wernicke Geschwind model, _______ area contains the programs of speech production.
|
Broca's
|
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The mouth area of the left motor homunuculus is adjacent to ________ area.
|
Broca's
|
|
The Wernicke Geschwind model was originally based on the sttudy of brain damaged patients suffering from ______________.
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aphasia
|
|
According to the Wernicke's Geschwind model, language related visual signals are relayed from Primary visual cortex to Wernicke's area via the _____________ _______________.
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angular gyus
|
|
The main advantage of electrical stimulation in the study of cortical locationzation function is its power of ____________ resolution.
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spatial
|
|
________________________cortex is at the anterior pole of the brain on the inferior surface of the frontal lobes.
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Orbitofrontal
|
|
The ____________ prefrontal cortex plays a role in emotional expression; lesions to it produce emotional blunting.
|
medial
|
|
H.M.'s operation was a bilateral medial ___________ lobectomy.
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temporal
|
|
CA stands for comu ammonis, which is another term for ______________.
|
hippocampus
|
|
The neurons of the basal forebrain release ___________________ throughout the neocortex.
|
acetylcholine
|
|
The process by which short term memories are converted to long term memories is called _______________.
|
consolidation
|
|
The hippocampus and adjacent _________ gyrus are allocortex.
|
dentate
|
|
The _____________ cortex is a transition area of cortex between the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex.
|
subicular
|
|
The amnesia of Alzheimer's disease is thought to be associated with degeneration of cholinergic structures of the basal ____________________.
|
forebrain
|
|
Just anterior to the hippocampus is another medial temporal lobe nucleus, the __________________
|
amygdala
|
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The area of cortex between the subicular cortex and the perirhinal cortex is the ______________ cortex.
|
entorhinal
|
|
Korsakoff's amnesia seems to be associated with damage to the _______________ nuclei of the thalamus.
|
mediodorsal
|
|
At the very edge of the cortex is the hippocampal CA ____region.
|
4
|
|
The diagonal band of Broca and the nucleus basilis of Meynert are located just inferior to the ____________ commissure.
|
anterior
|
|
Many pyramidal cells of the hippocampus have ________ fields.
|
place
|
|
The middle layer of the hippocampus is the ______________ cell layer.
|
pyramidal
|
|
H. M. cannot form new long term ___________ memories.
|
explicit
|
|
kORSAKOFF'S PATIENTS ALMOST ALWAYS HAVE EXTENSIVE DAMAGE TO THE STRUCTURES OF THE MEDIAL _____________.
|
DIENCEPHALON
|
|
Bilateral lesions of _______________ cortex disrupt object recognition memory, even when they do not damage thehippocampal formation or amygdala.
|
rhinal
|
|
Alzheimer's disease is associated with widespread neural degeneration, neurofibrils, and _____________ plaques.
|
amyloid
|
|
Alzheimer's disease is associated with widespread neural degeneration, neurofibrils, and _____________ plaques.
|
amyloid
|
|
Alzheimer's disease is associated with widespread neural degeneration, neurofibrils, and _____________ plaques.
|
amyloid
|
|
Together the ______________ the _______ gyrus, and the _____________ cortex compose the hippocampal formation.
|
hippocampus
dentate subicular |
|
The _______________ plays an important role in memory for spatial location.
|
hippocampus
|
|
H. M. can form normal ____________ ________ explicit memories and normal long-term implicit memories.
|
short term
implicit |
|
Marking the boundary between the entorhinal cortex and the perirhinal cortex is the superior lip of the ____________ fissure.
|
rhinal
|